TThhee JJaapapnaesneSeosciee tySociety ffoorr PPllanatnt SSyystsetmaetmicastics ISSN 1346-7565 Acta Phytotax .Geobot. 63 (3) 1:35-142 (2013) Persicariageoeai;pieSauyama & K. Ueda (Polygonacesap.en)ov,., itsEndemism SubterraneanCleistogamy and and CHIKASUYAMAiS- 'AND KUNIHIKOUEDA2 i Gr adu at e s ch oo l o f I V b t u r Sa cl ie n c e& f e c h n ol o g yK ,a n a z a wa U ni v er'sity ,Kakuma, Kbnaza",a, 920-Jf92 Jny)an .'[email protected] lauthorfo crorrespondencelfSchool qfMturat S.vstem, Kanazavea Uitivens'i tKya,kuma, Kanazawa, 920-ilP2 pman A new species, Penyicari gaeocarpica, from centra] Honshu, Japan ,i sdescribe dT.he plants are known from on]y a few sites in northeastern Aichi Prefecture nearby the type localit ywhere they were fi rst dis- covered. After detai]ed and intensiv efiel dstudies. i tbecame clear that the habit aotfR geocarpica is restricted tQ a particula rmountainous area in the Tbkai distri cPte.nyiearia geocai7)iea exhibits the unique characteristic that the inflorescence sare elongated down to ground leve [at the end of the tong flowering season. There are almost no morphological difTerenc ebsetween terrestrial and subterranean flower sb,ut the latte cran selrpo]linate in the bud and mature underground without the flora lpart sex- panding. Key words: centra[ Henshu, c]eistogamy, Japan, new species, Petts'icar igaeocatpica, Polygonaceae In June ,1994, one ofus (Suyam ad)iscovered 137e34'E (WGS84)] ,1110m alt. 18 Sept .2005, C. unidentifiable plant sin Men-no-ki Park (Inabu,SKuA.NvA,ama[. 2,K0, 8U6e5do9,i] s;o&- K}M. lbshido, SUM4M;42740 (holo- Toyota ,Aichi Prefectur et)hat appeared to be closely related to Persicaria debili sb,ut evidently Herbs, annual, ascending or creeping, deli- differen Wte. reported these plant sas a new taxon cate, 10-30 cm tall , Stems 15-40 cm long, rlbyobo- Persicari gaeocarpica (Japane snaeme: branched ,ascending to decumbent, rooting at tani-soba) during the 70` hannual meeting of the base ;internode s30-50 mm long .with retrorse Botanical Societ yof Japan (Suyam a& Ueda prickle asnd small sparse stellate hairs .Leaves 2006) and describ ethem here. petiolate a,lternate; petiol e15-25 mm long with antrorse prickles ;lamina thin herbaceous 2,0-40 Persicaria (secti oEnchinocaulon) geocarpica mm long and wide, terminal leave ssmaller, trian- Suyama & K. Ueda, sp. nov. Fig. 1 gular hastate ,base truncate to subcordate, apex Very similar to P. debiti sb,ut easiLy identifi ebdy the acuminate, lower surface glaucescen tg,reen, dark V-shaped stems with retrorse prickles and small, sparse stel]ate with purple maculations, veins hairs ;ocreae cytinclri ¢a]. membranaceous; peduncl es]en- strigose, upper surface green, sparsely strigose, der ,bearin gsparse, minute, recurved prickles ;flower s1 Ocreae 2-3 mm long, cylindrical, membrana- or 2(or 3); often with subterranean c]eistogamous flowers ceous, with short recurved prickle ast base ,api- claa,t Oei,n3 t-hOe ,s 5emamson; lo sntagme.ns 5, ca, 1 tnm leng; nectaries 5, ca]ly brist]y-cil i(aFtie g2,G, G') ,Inflorescences 7)tpu sJ.APAN, Honshu: Aichi Prefectur cT,oyota- terminal or axillary, solitary or clustered, pedun- shi, Inabu-cho <nea rMen-no-ki enchi park) [35011'N,culate; peduncl eslender, with sparse minute re- curved prickle sp,edicel sca, O,5 mm long ;1 or 2 (o r3) flowered t,erminated by a bracteol esu;bteF d'Present address : Department of Seience Education (Biolo- inflorescences ranean shorter, with an ocrea at gy) ,Faculty of Educatien ,Gifu Univcrsit y,Yanagito 1-1, (Fig2.E);bractfoliaceousl,anceolate GLfu,501-1193Japan, each node NII-Electronic Library Service TThhee JJaapapnaesneSeosciee tySociety ffoorPrl anPtlSyastnetma tSicysstematics 136 Acta Phytotax .Geobot. Vol. 63 it 2 N 'ef pt ttre- es )1 / ,t sikl/･'/' ' ilil,, if::::' ' , x l ,1pt'1: 'il ' /I t ttttN / i .tditt. ' x 1.rs･･' '･; ;'Y' ･w "rfii.. !rp･,ll ･･1,,･k"･･･ ' Nx('rt//Xp,, / '･.J,l,9x<.. t ' (kl- {:t, t.././.r/.,''1･l,,1 va' 'tti'Si'},:f4iT a1/ / 'si'''t-' ttt / .tt . /. t ttt./ttt.tt.t//t./t.-tt e'K '/,r-rl k''l i"( " 111. '- t.t..,"･ fl 't.ft'w-･.･-rty gssiajN=Nh=m".ksg8oo,!ke'lLtuq:EL x Evm tt. `t9{''. . . '. tq. .1･ /.-t1"- , .-..･ 'tl- ･as, ': ' 'p .t4fi ･s,.t1-.>t .'.-'.. puct' ny/.., , ..t.ptt{."..1.-.x.kIg,l #/ ,t,.t..,li,t K t 't-t[-=.--.･sC.tt 'ig 'l i"",',,.･-xN lt.t t ttt./ K.-N Nx.'z /ttx<iiilii vz"s=v '.e--=." s.if ;. .ux NII-Electronic Library Service TThhee JJaapapnaesneSeosciee tySociety ffoorr PPllanatnt SSyystsetmaetmicastics April 2013 SuYAMA & UEDA-Persicari gaeocatlpic a(Pelygonac espa.e n)ov,. 137 to ovate, acuminate, reduced upward to a mem- (Fig 4,), No plant shave been fbund in Shizuoka branaceou socrea, Bracteores membranaceous, Prefecture. pale green or pale sanguineous, flowe rbuds PenyicaTi ageocarpica is usually found in sheathed in bracteol e(sFig 2.A, A') ;aerial chas- marshy places in headwater sof streams, on the mogamQus flower sextrude from the bifurcated tops of smeoth, wide summits, or on the forest bracteol esheath: subterranean cleistogamous floo ralong streams flowin gfrom marshes. Persi- fiowers inlate in herbaceous often produced season, enclosed caria geocarpica grows with other bracteole ,se]f pollinatin g(Fi g.2F). Pedicel plant ss,uch as 7VdnocnideJ'crpon iQepai,ismenus sometimes bearing a small aborted bud at base. undulatijblius, Ciinopocfium mieranthum and Mi- Flowers Julyto October,fruitinAgugusttoNo- teUapattcCt7bra, vember, Perianth white, campanulate, 1.5- 2mm Persicari gaeocarpica often grows sympatri- long ,5- parted to 2!3 it slength t,epals elliptic, not cally with the similar P. debiii sand may be the accrescent in frui tS,tamens 5, white, ca, 1 mm reason that i thas been overlooked until recently. long, epipetalous, alternate tepals (Fi g2,B); an- No plants intermedia tbeetween them have been thers intrors ead,nate, Nectaries 5, white, spatu- found, late c,a. O.3-O, 5mm long ,inserte bdetween base The classification of Polygonacea ehas been of pist ialnd stamens, superposed to tepals (Fig.complicated due to extensive diversification 2B). Styl e1, white, ca. 1 mm long ,3-divde din (Par k1988, Kim & Donoghue 2008). Four tribes upper 1!2 ,included ,stigmas capitate (Fig .2C), and eight genera are recognized in Japan: Rumex Achenes enclosed in periant ht,rigonous ,ovoid, and Oryria in Rumiceae, lhgopyrum in Fagopy- ca. 3 mm long ,smooth, lustrou bsrown (Fi g2.D, reae, Polygonum and Ftillop iian Polygoneae, Di), Bistorta ,Aconogonon and Persicaria in Persicar- Chromosome number, 2n = 18 (Fi g3.) ieae (Yonekur a2006). The genera Polygonum, lapanese name. Ibyobo-Tanisoba (nov.). Fkrtiopi aB,istort aA,conogonon and Persicaria The Japanese name, Toyobo-Tanisoba, refers are sometimes lumped with Po4Mgonum, but we to the beautif ut1ufted infiorescences. treat these groups as distinc tgenera as in many DistribtttionJ.apan,Honshu: Aichi,Gifu and modern systems. Nagano Prefecture sS.haded moist places along Within Per,giear iHaa,raldso n(197 8r)ecog- streams and in open wet grassland isn mountain- nized sections Persicaria (ca 60 spp.), Cepha- ous areas (Fi g4,). 1ophilon (ca .16 spp.), 7bvara (ca 3, spp,) and Other JAPAN, Honshu:Aichj Echinocaulon (ca 2.1 spp.). All fbur sections and specimens examined, Prefi ,Kitashitara-gun ,Toyone-mura, 7t)mivama, C. 39 species have been reported from Japan (YO- Sio,ama 3078 (KANA[208660] )C.. Su.vama 3079 nekura 2006). (KANA[208661] ),C Suyama 3080 (KANA Persicaria geocarpic ais classified int osec- [Se2r0i8z6a6w2a 6]3)1H8;i3ga(shheirkaSbme.or-igzuanw ,aA)-s.aGhiif-uchoP,r elT's.uK,baomsiaykai-, tion Echinocaulon based on the ridged stems hagi, Mano, itahorag a1w8 aOc,t. 2008, K, Ueno & M throughout, stems and petiole swith retrorse CJbno s. n. (KANA[20804g ]K,ANA [208049 ]-)Na,ga- prickle soc;rea neither 2-clef tnor lacerate ;petiole no Pref, Shimoina-gun .Neba-mura ,Hachimoriyama, C. not articulate; and filaments of starnens not dilat- Su.varna3087{KANA[208091]). ed at base (Par k1988 ,Li et al 2003, Ybnekura 2006). The central area of the distributio nof Pensi- caria geocatlpica is from Men-no-ki in northeast- Eleven species of section Echinocauton are in ern Aichi Prefectu rteo Chausu-yama, the highest Japan :Penyicaria pei:foiiat aR, senticosa, P, de- mountain in Aichi Prefecture ,then southwest to bili sP,. thunbergii, R maackiana, P. praetermis- the Dando-san area, north to southwest Nagano sa, P. hastatosagittat a,R muricata, P. brevio- P.dichotoma P. (Yonekura Prefecture and Kamiyahagi-machi in Gifu Pre- chreata, and sagittata fectur eand east to northeast Aichi Prefectur eand 2006) ,Severa linfraspeci ftiaxca have been rec- the southernmost distri coft Nagano Prefecture ognized within A thunbergii s. t. ,some of which NII-Electronic Library Service TThhee JJaapapnaesneSeosciee tySociety ffoorr PPllanatnSyts teSmaytsictsematics 138 ActaPhytotax.Geobot. Vol,63 D B D' EEut EEutEEo!.EEor EEr =L-OO di ul di "'i 'rl '/tAtt/t , 1 ///t 1/t'xX' st li,r ,'L 1 1tiii FTG. 2. Persicari ageocaipica Suyama & K. Ueda. A, A': Flore twith bracteo lBe: .lnner surface ofperianth. C: Pisti lD., D': Achene. E: Subterranean cLeistogamous flowers .F: Subterranean fruit sG., G': Ocrea. H: Ocrea of Pers'icaria debilis. I: InfloreseenccsofPersicariadebilis. NII-Electronic Library Service TThhee JJaapapnaesneSeosclee tySociety ffoorPrl anPtlSyastnetma tSlcysstematics Apnl 2013 SUY,N MA & ULD,x- Perslcarl ageocarplca (Po lygonace aspe. }no,v, 139 tt t t t tt :' ':/ 't/w"",･llvai lts eq'wu e e /.x xxss･pm ge ,Slt /pt,,-v/V,3,,s."aj, xst '. '' S ･:- ･e.''ag..t 'i x g.e tt' t '/ t.t ,'l','1-g.int.e. "di.M.eqe$e,･ ' ;tt tig . 1,./tt.,-tc.ss FIG 3. Somati cchromosemes of Perstccu' igaeocajwrca (2n = 18) Bar=10/imChromosome number was eounted in root tips from seven plant scultivated at Kanaia-a Umvers]ty, , s'", ts/t e -i 'F-ij x '- ' s s., Nagano Pref 's j . l"1 N t GifuPref lss ts fiL JI -? ll sstl!t lt -- - "s-'tLS--t "i lt- t , ' h - -- . l ''t.i- lsi} - --N''' e3510'N N s s Aichi Pre £ Shizuoka Pref t'''t'll' t', 137030'E FIG. 4. Distributk) olfl Persteart ageoeat7)ica. e: fype ]ocaLit ye.: Additiona llocaliti c1s, :Gifu Prefectu rEcn,a-shi .Kamiya- ha.ai M.ano, ltaheraga- a. 2i A]chi Prefecture H,igashikamo-gun, Asahi-cho, Tsubosak] .3: Aichi Prefecture K,itashitara- gun, Tk)yone-mura ,Tomiyama. NII-Electronic Library Service TThhee JJaapapnaesneSeosciee tySociety ffoorr PPllanatnt SSyystsetmaetmicastics 140 ActaPhytotax.Geobot. Vol,63 have been proposed at specific rank (Hana i& clebilis (Meisn .H). Gross ex W. T. Lee at sight. Serizawa 2008) ,Additional species are known But can be recognized as distinc ton the basi sof from other parts of the world (Sanch eetz aL several unique morphological characteristics as 2011). listedbelow. Persicariageocatzt)icaissimilartoPensicaria Key to the Japanes especies of Persicaria Mill. la .Stems prickleles s(exc Rl. bungeana : with scattered prickl eosn stem) .....,....,.....,....,...H..H."H-.-.H-H...H....,....,,....,,....,..,.......,.,,,",,,,-,SectionsPersicaria,Cephalophilon,lbvara lb .Stems sparsely to densel yprickl aylong ridges (Secti oEenhinoeaulon} .......................................................2 2a. Flower s3-5 mm long ;inflorescen cwieths many flewer s(o r1 or 2 flower sin axits); flower sopening simultaneously."...H..H".."...H.."H."..."....H....,....,.....,....,,.,........,,,,..,....H...-...."..H-...-...-..Hm.H....-..H...H...H....3 2b. Flowers 1.5-2 mm long; inflorescence swith 1-severa ]fiowers terrninal on peduncle; flowers opcning suc- cessively.H....H...,,....,....H...H...-...H..H"".".-...H.........H....,....,,....,,....,..............."...".."....H...m."...."..-...,..........,4 3a .Inflorescence scompound racemes .................... P... .mu.ri.c.at.a,... .P., .p.r.ea.t.e.r.m.issa, P, breviochreata 3b. Infierescenee scapitate, condensed short racemes, or fiowers 1 or 2 in axiLs ,, R. peizfotia Rta s,enticosa, R thunbergii s.L, P. maackiana, P. hastatosagittat aR, dichotoma P. sagittata 4a, Flowers seyeral in condensed racemes (Fi g2,I) ;peduncles clustered in leafaxil aspe;x of ocreae with small dilated leaflike limb (Fig 2.H); bracteole sherbaceous, green to pale green; stamens and nectaries 6-8 '''''"''''"'H"'H"''"'''"'''"''-･･････････････････････････-･･-････-･･-･･･-･･-･･･-････-･･････････････････..,,.,,.,..,,.,,,.,,,,,..,.,,.-...-..Rdebilis 4b. Flowers 1 or 2(or 3) ,short pedicella otnc long peduncle a;pex ofocreae brist[y-eil ibartaec;teol emesmbran- ceous, pale green to pale sanguLneous; stamens and ncctaries 5...-..........,....,,....,.... g.e,o.c.a.t.p,i,c.a...,......P. Cleistogamy dunculate terminal or axillary inflorescenc aep-s Cleistogam yoccurs in up to 700 species in 50 pear at the beginnin gofJuly and bear one, two, or familie sof angiosperms (Cull e&y Klooster rarely three shortly pedicellat eCH flower( so)n 2007). In most cases, there are clear morphologi- each peduncle ,The CH flowers usually las tfbr 3 cal difTerence sca,lled, dimorphic cle{stogamy, or 4 days. between cleistogamous (CL )and chasmogamous In the lat efiowerin gseason, from mid Sep- (CH) fiower sin Fabaceae ,Violaceae L,amiaceae tember to October ,some rather short stout axil- and Balsaminaceae. In Polygonaceae, some pop- lary peduncle sare produced at the base of the ulations of Per:sicari athunbergii s. I .[sectiosntem and develop CL flower snear ground level, Echinocaulon ]have been reported to produce di- At the sarne tirne, the terminals inflorescences morphic CL flowers (Hirats u1k98a4) .The CL bend down into the wet soil and also fbrm CL flowers are formed only in axillary inflorescences flowers as the plant sbecome decumbent by the en the lower stem and the frui tare underground extension of later ablranche s(Fi g5,) .We did not or at ground leve lT.hree species of Polygonum find any morphological differen cbeetween the s.L were reported by Culley & Klooster (2007 t)o CL and CH flowers in Pensicaria geocaF:pica ,We bear induced CL flowers a,nd one species was re- consicler the situation in R geocarpica to be in- ported to produce dimorphic CL flowers. duced cleistogamy (Cull &e yKlooster 2007) A remarkable characteristic of Persicaria where certain fiowe rare changed from CH to CL geocat:pica is that the CL flower sare produced in depending on enyironmental conditions. two differen tpositio nosf the inflorescence slate Even though the periant hofthe CL flowers is in the fiowerin sgeason. enclosed by the bracts t,he polle nofthe unopened The seeds of Persicari ageocarpica germi- fiower shas already attached to the stigma. Fruit- nate in the spring. The solitary or clustered pe- ing set in CL flower sappears to be high. NII-Electronic Library Service TThheJea paJnaespeSaoncieestye Society ffoorr PPllanatnSyts teSmaytsictsematics April:cn r, Sul･,xxi &,x t. 1 1).x--Per.s icvrit igc'oczu'pic' t(tPol>.gonaceae s}p.. nex. 141 FIc T.5. Persic(ti 'gieaoccn7)ic'a in autunin. Photo.graph lsaken on )' October. 2008. ,4 /L/pper portion ot' plant ]ying o,n .ground {Suxajna .;O;9 K.,XN,ALI2086611 )B,: Terinina ]and axi][ar}' infloreseences becoTning decuTnhenl during [at eseason flo"er- in.g, NII-Electronic Library Service TThheJea paJnaespeSaoncieestye Society ffoorr PPllanatnt SSyystsetmaetmicastics 142 ActaPhytotax.Geobot. Vol,63 We thank Mr Y, Yoshida for thoughtful collaboration, and ne seikatsushi to shinka 1, pp, S7-80 ,Baifakan ,lb- Mr M, Umebayashi tbr preparin tghe illustrati oWnes a.re kyo.(inJapanese) indebte dto the curators of KYO, SHIN, TI, TNS, Horai- Kim, S.-T .& M. J, Donoghue. 2008, Molecular phylogeny jis aNantural History Museum and Toyohashi Muscum of off'ersicaria(Persicarieae,Polygonaceae).Syst.Bot. Natural History for allowing us to study their specimens. 33 :77-86. Our gratitu dies also extended to the members of the Li ,A., B. Bqjian, A, E, Grabovskaya-Borodin aS,.-P. foyohashi Botanist Club ibr their tellowship in fiel dob- Hong, J. McNeil1, S. L. Mosyakin, H. Ohba & C.W. servatlons. Park ,2003. PolygQnacea Ae, L Jussieu ,in: Wu, Z, Y,, P. H. Raven & D,iY, Hong (eds ,F)]o,ra ofChina VoL. References 5, pp. 277-350 .Scienc ePress ,Beijin gand Missouri Botanical Garden Press, St. Louis. Park, C.-W. 1988. Taxonomy ofPolygonum Sectio nEchi- Culley T,. M. & M. R. Klooster, 2007 .The cleistogamous nocaulon (Polygonac eMaeme.) .New York Bot. breeding system: a review ofits frequency, evolution, Gard. 47: 1-82. and ecology in angiosperms. Bot, Rev, (LancasterS)anchez, A., T. M. Schuster, J. M. Burke & K. A. Kron. 73: 1-30. 2011 .Taxonomy of Polygonoide a(ePolygonace aae)i Hanai, T. & S. Serizawa. 2008. Persicaria thunbergii new tribal classification. Taxon 60: 151-160. (Polygonace aande) its allies in Japan ,Shidekobushi Suyama, C. & K. Ueda. 2006. A new species `Persicaria 1: 3-26. (i nJapanese) geocarpica r'elated to R debii i(sPolygonac Je. Pale.). Haraldson, K. 1978. Anatomy and taxonoiny in Polygona- Res. 1 19 Suppl. 49. ceae subfam, Polygonoidea Meeisn .emend. Jaretzky. Yonekura, K. 2006. Polygonacea ein :Iwatsuk iK,,, D, E. Symb. Bot. Upsal. 22: 1-95. Bouffbrd & H. Ohba, (eds) F,lora of Japan IIa ,pp. Hiratsuka, A. 1984. 3. Tade ka shokubutsu no seikatsushi 122-174. Kodansha, Tbkyo. to Kotaigundoutai. in: Kawano, S. (ed. )Sh,okubutu Received October 26, 201i; aeeepted September i3 ,20i2 NII-Electronic Library Service