128 ENTOMOLOGIST'SRECORD,VOL. 118 25.V.2006 Perihatodes rhomboidaria (D. & S.)(Lep.: Geometridae): changes in appearance time andpolymorphism in north-westKent Barrett (1902. The Lepidoptera ofthe British Islands, VII), writes that this moth “is on the wing in July and August, sometimes at the end of June, and occasionally specimens of a second generation of smaller size are found in September”. Plant (1993. The LargerMoths oftheLon—donArea. LNHS) presents a similardescription, but with one significant difference no indication that these later specimens are of smallersize. My garden mv light at Dartford has shown that the moth was not common here during the 1970s, annual sightings being restricted to single figures. However, for the 1980s they averaged40, forthe 1990s, 61 andforthefiveyears 2001 to 2005 the figurehadrisento95. A. A. Allen was the first person, I believe, to comment in this Journal on early June sightings, and this forsouth-eastLondon. Myrecordsconfirmthis trend; forthe first halfofJune my initial records were for the 12 and 14 June 1989, and over the past fifteen years it has become the norm to encounter the moth in early June. In 2002, the first specimen was noted on 31 May; another appeared on 30 May 2004, while in 2005 the first sighting was a month earlier, on 30 April, followedby further specimens on 20, 25, 26, 27 and 30 May aftera spell ofarctic weatherlasting from 7 to 17May, during whichtimethe mv lightwas notinuse. Thus there has been an advance in time of appearance from about 1997, from “July, sometimes late June” to early June, perhaps to be amended shortly to late May. However, there has not been a reciprocal advance in emergence time towards end of season; on the contrary the season has tended to lengthen to include the firsthalfofSeptember, and occasionally specimens are encountered in the Autumn. Over a period of thirty-six years my garden mv light records show that August sightings ofP. rhomboidaria have exceeded those ofJuly in a ratio ofabout 4:1. In only three years August was not the predominant month: in 2004 June produced the most sightings, whereas in 1998 September had produced most, and in 2005 June, August and September all eclipsed July to relegate it to fourth position. In recent years, July sightings have declined relatively causing a trend forJuly to be removed from second place, its traditionalpositionthroughoutthe secondhalfofthetwentieth century, by June or September, or even both, one result of the extended season of appearance. However, it appears that the traditional regime, and the recent changes, do not necessarily apply throughout south-east England as might be expected. Collins (1997. The LargerMoths ofSurrey) for the 1980s and 1990s has noted that in that county generally, P. rhomboidaria flies from June to Septemberwithpeaks in June and September suggesting a bivoltine regime. For north-west Kent, the profile suggests a single generation for these decades and earlier. Additionally for this period there was an absence of ab. minor Fuchs, the first specimen of which was noted on 11 September 2002 in sequence following on from August, and followed by several normal sized specimens, the latest being on 1 October. Further ab. minor were note in late august and September in the three following years along with a NOTES 129 largernumberofnormal sized specimens, suggestingadimorphic secondgeneration. However, this assessment must now be amended, for a specimen of ab. minor was noted on 14 June 2005 (first generation) followed by two others (14 and 18 June 2005). Nevertheless, it would seem that these small specimens are confined mainly tothe secondgeneration, andarein theminority andfrequently absent. Although P. rhomboidaria now appears to be fully bivoltine in this part ofnorth- west Kent, and perhaps to give occasionally at least a partial second generation in the last decade of the 20th century, no distinct gap has ever appeared between the two supposed broods, although invariably in July sighting have dwindled considerably. The earlier moths are indistinguishable from the later ones by ground colour, markings and size, excepting the occasional ab. minor which seems to be mainly restricted to the later sightings. This contrasts with bivoltine species such as Selenia dentaria (Fabr.), S. tetralunaria (Hufn.) and Ectropis bistortata (Goeze) in whichthe two generations are well separatedby several weeks and are characterized bymothsdifferentin appearance, including size. Breeding a species in captivity can be a valuable aid in determining voltinism in which the two supposed generations are not separated from each other, and it is preferable to do this under as near natural conditions as possible. However, P. rhomboidaria presents a seriousproblem inthatfemales arerarely attractedto light. However, in 1980 a female was so obtained and the very young larvae kept indoors in an unheated room went into hibernation until late April, being fed on privet Ligustrum ovalifolium and the resulting dozens of moths emerged in July 1984. Quite a number of larvae became casualties on coming out of hibernation. The moths were particularly interesting, comprising roughly equal numbers ofab. nigra Adkin and ab. perfumaria Newman; of these latter specimens several were considerably darker than the normal slate grey, appearing somewhat intermediate between the two aberrations. Unfortunately no eggs were obtained from this small brood. On 21 August 2005, after my garden light had attracted almost 1,500 more rhomboidaria since 1984, anotherfemale arrived, butin very worn condition. A few eggs were obtained from which about adozen moths were bred in November, all ab. perfumaria. The young larvae were kept in plastic containers and fed on privet in an unheated room until almost full grown, when the room was heated by day only. Pupation took place on the paper lining the floor of the containers; no attempt was madetoconstructacocoon. Theprofileofsightingsfor2005 strongly suggests abivoltineregimewiththefirst generation in May and especially June the stronger, the second showing September having slightly more sightings than August, and several in October. By contrast, of the 160 specimens recorded for 2005, only seven were noted in July,just one more than for October. None of the larvae of this presumably third generation showed inclination to hibernate, in contrast with those in 1983. Several females ofthis brood laid eggs. She very young larvae exhibited slow growth and no attempt to hibernate was observed. To date, in early April, several moths have emerged, but the bulk of thebroodare still larvae. 130 ENTOMOLOGIST'SRECORD,VOL. 118 25.V.2006 Thus it appears that a series ofexceptionally mild autumns and winters in north- west Kent may have initiated a change in this species from having a univoltine to a bivoltine life cycle, based upon the overwintering larvae no longer going into hibernation. Unfortunately the female obtained on 21 August was probably of a second generation, so good circumstantial evidence has yet to be confirmed regarding the exact nature ofthe two maxima ofincidence divided by a month with continued sparse, scattered sightings. A change in voltinism occurred in Campaea margaritata (L.) in northwest Kent in the late twentieth century, but with a distinct hiatus ofseveralweeks andadifferencein appearancebetweenthetwogenerations. The accompanying graphs illustrate the development of bivoltinism in rhomboidaria at Dartford from observations ofgarden mv light records in three five year periods on a tripartite basis. Figure 1 shows the typical univoltine life cycle of the period 1981-1985 characteristic throughoutthe 20thcenturyuntil about 1995, the lengthening forwards ofthe time ofappearance ofthe moth in the period 1991-1995 to include June and the apparent change to a bivoltine regime in 2001-2005, with a significant increase in June records and even some for May, a disproportionate increase in sightings for September and October giving an extended time of appearanceforthemoth, andthe significantincompleteJuly hiatus. The predominant form in north-west Kent is ab. perfumaria Mewman; not until 1998 did I encounter the typical form in the region, and I have seen several since. In addition there has been an extreme melanic, declining in frequency since the 1960s. This is ab. nigra Adkin (= nigerrima Moreau). These melanics are black with a yellowish postmedian line originating on the dorsum of the fore wing and proceeding obliquely forward to fade out before reaching the costa, and sometimes a similar sub-basal line. These lines are usually conspicuous on fresh specimens, but are somewhat fugitive and less in evidence on old cabinet ones. Its highest incidence since my garden mv light was first operated in 1969 was 38% in 1981 (n = 44), followed by 25% in 1978 (n = 31) and 23% in 1985 (n = 55). There has been considerable confusion regarding the identity of these extreme melanics in Britain, and it persists to-day. An extreme melanic found on the Continent, but not in Britain, was described by Aigner, originally in Hungarian, as ab. rebeli in 1905. The description is clear - black, with a pale wavy sub-terminal line on the fore wing. British specimens do not possess a pale wavy sub-terminal line, but they do have, almost always, the yellowish transverse lines. In the early 1930s, C. B. Williams in his studies into the genetics of the extreme melanics of P. rhomboidaria from Britain referred to them as ab. rebeli Aigner, and the misappropriation of this name has continued until to-day in Britain. However, in the National (RCK) Collection the specimens are labelled ab. nigra Adkin and this is the name usedby Chalmers-Hunt (Butterflies and Moths ofKent, Supl. Ent. Rec. 1960-1981). Adkin (Proc. S. Lond. Nat. Hist. Soc. 1908-9: 85) exhibited a series of extreme melanics of P. rhomboidaria from Norwich and West Kent and commented that in general he was not in favour of the naming of aberrations, but nevertheless considered that the specimens might be called ab. nigra. He described them as being NOTES 131 uniformly black, omitting mention of the yellowish striae present on almost, if not all, the specimens. Adkin alsoomittedto allocate atype specimen andparatypes, and there wereno accompanyingillustrations ofthe specimens exhibited. 90 80 70 1981-1985 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 90 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Figure1.NumberofPeribatodesrhomboidariaatmvlightatDartford,Kentinfive-yearperiods. In France, Moreau (1916. Bull Soc. Ent, Fr.:: 188 & Plate 1, fl. 4) accurately described and illustrated some French specimens which are identical with the British, which he named ab. nigerrima; this appears to be the legitimate name and i 132 ENTOMOLOGIST'SRECORD,VOL. 118 25.v.2006 shouldhavereceiveduniversal accordto makeCockayne’s intervention unnecessary. However, Cockayne (1953. Ent. Rec. 65: 193) commenting on the continued use in Britain of the name rebel intervened to add legitimacy to Adkin’s inaccurate description by allocating one of Adkin’s series known to have been exhibited, as a lectotype, a male specimen from Dartford, 12 August 1908. A curious result ofthe confusion of nomenclature occurs in Seitz in which a figure of nigra is labelled rebeli, but its accompanying description is based on nigra. French textbooks not surprisingly refer to these melanics with their yellowish striae as nigerrima Moreau, which I favour, but I consider Adkin’s nigra is now acceptable, being used by the BritishMuseum (NaturalHistory), presumably asthenamepredatesthatofMoreau. Although Cockayne’s intervention may have added some legitimacy to Adkin’s nigra the extreme melanics he exhibited in 1908 still remain without adequate , description and in fact were somewhat variable. Such variability has been studied and divided into several sub-varieties by Lenek (1951. Ent. Nachr. blatt 3:122). Uniformly black specimens, devoid of markings, are named ab. orcus Lenek. Chalmers-Hunt {op. cit.) notes several bred specimens from Dartford in 1912, 1913 and 1914 in the National (RCK) Collection. However, despite carefully examining all extreme melanics visiting my garden mv light, only one ab. orcus has been identified (13 June 2005), suggesting it is quite rare here. This specimen would appeartobe thefirstwildab. orcustoberecordedforKent. Extreme melanic forms ofthis species in north-west Kenthave now declinedfrom 25% for the five years 1981-1985, then already being in decline, to 3.5% for the period 2001-2005, being as low as 1.8% in 2005 (n= 160). However, ab.perfumaria remains the prevailing form, and typical rhomboidaria remain of casual — occurrence. B. K. West, 56BriarRoad, Dartford, KentDA5 2HN. ProgressinthestudyoftheecologyandmanagementoftheMarshMothAthetis pallustris (Hbn.) (Lep.: Noctuidae) bymonitoringoflarvae On 25 September 2005, forty final instar caterpillars of the Marsh Moth Athetis pallustris were found at the Saltfleetby-Theddlethorpe Dunes NNR on the Lincolnshire coast. Monitoring of larval populations has taken place here almost annually since 1989, using a technique of making small piles, about one-metre in diameter at the base, of cut grass and any herbage, in the places where the adult moths have been recorded in light-traps. The piles are left on site for two to four weeks and then sifted for larvae over a wire-mesh riddle and white sheet. This is an old technique first found to be successful for the Marsh Moth by Edelsten et al. (Entomologist 77: 49-50 & 65-72). Since the early 1990s, monitoring has revealed a major decline in the numbers oflarvae found in the litter-piles in the traditional area knownforthemoth, from as many as 108 in asingle visiton 23 September 1989 and about 80 on 29 September 1990, with an average ofalmost two larvae per litter-pile in 1990, to only one or two larvae per session since 2000, and in some years none seen at all. This has been ofgreatconcern because apart from occasional individuals