Performance Testing of Textiles The Textile Institute and Woodhead Publishing The Textile Institute is a unique organisation in textiles, clothing and footwear. Incorporated in England by a Royal Charter granted in 1925, the Institute has individ- ual and corporate members in over 90 countries. The aim of the Institute is to facili- tate learning, recognise achievement, reward excellence and disseminate information within the global textiles, clothing and footwear industries. Historically, The Textile Institute has published books of interest to its members and the textile industry. To maintain this policy, the Institute has entered into part- nership with Woodhead Publishing Limited to ensure that Institute members and the textile industry continue to have access to high calibre titles on textile science and technology. Most Woodhead titles on textiles are now published in collaboration with The Textile Institute. Through this arrangement, the Institute provides an Editorial Board which advises Woodhead on appropriate titles for future publication and suggests pos- sible editors and authors for these books. Each book published under this arrangement carries the Institute’s logo. Woodhead books published in collaboration with The Textile Institute are of- fered to Textile Institute members at a substantial discount. These books, together with those published by The Textile Institute that are still in print, are offered on the Elsevier website at: http://store.elsevier.com/. Textile Institute books still in print are also available directly from the Institute’s web site at: www.textileinstitutebooks.com. A list of Woodhead books on textiles science and technology, most of which have been published in collaboration with the Textile Institute, can be found towards the end of the contents pages. Related Titles High Performance Textiles and Their Applications (ISBN 978-1-84569-180-6) Smart Textiles for Protection (ISBN 978-0-85709-762-0) Functional Textiles for Improved Performance, Protection and Health (ISBN 978-1-84569-723-5) Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles: Number 185 Performance Testing of Textiles Methods, Technology and Applications Edited by Lijing Wang AMSTERDAM(cid:127)BOSTON(cid:127)CAMBRIDGE (cid:127)HEIDELBERG LONDON (cid:127)NEWYORK(cid:127)OXFORD(cid:127)PARIS(cid:127)SANDIEGO SANFRANCISCO(cid:127)SINGAPORE(cid:127)SYDNEY(cid:127)TOKYO Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier Published by Woodhead Publishing in association with The Textile Institute Woodhead Publishing is an imprint of Elsevier The Officers’ Mess Business Centre, Royston Road, Duxford, CB22 4QH, UK 50 Hampshire Street, 5th Floor, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA The Boulevard, Langford Lane, Kidlington, OX5 1GB, UK © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 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Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN: 978-0-08-100570-5 (print) ISBN: 978-0-08-100578-1 (online) For information on all Woodhead publications visit our website at https://www.elsevier.com/ Publisher: Matthew Deans Acquisition Editor: David Jackson Editorial Project Manager: Edward Payne Production Project Manager: Omer Mukthar Designer: Maria Ines Cruz Typeset by SPi Global, India List of contributors M. Azam Ali University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand J. Beringer Hohenstein Institute for Textile Innovation GmbH, Boennigheim, Germany A. Chiolerio Italian Institute of Technology, Torino, Italy E. Classen Hohenstein Institute for Textile Innovation GmbH, Boennigheim, Germany S. Geller Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany M. Gude Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany K. Holeczek Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany R.M. Laing University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand S. Mandal University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada N. Modler Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany S. Morlock Hohenstein Institute for Textile Innovation GmbH, Boennigheim, Germany B.E. Niven University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand R. Paul Hohenstein Institute for Textile Innovation GmbH, Boennigheim, Germany X. Qiu RMIT University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia A. Schmidt Hohenstein Institute for Textile Innovation GmbH, Boennigheim, Germany A. Shavandi University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand M.J. Smith University of Minho, Braga, Portugal x List of contributors G. Song Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States M. Stoppa Italian Institute of Technology, Torino, Italy M.D. Teli Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India T. Tyczynski Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany H.L. Wainwright E-Textile Technology Consultant to fashion designers, Monessen, PA, USA T. Weber Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany C.A. Wilson University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand A. Winkler Dresden University of Technology, Dresden, Germany Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles 1 Watson’s textile design and colour Seventh edition Edited by Z. Grosicki 2 Watson’s advanced textile design Edited by Z. Grosicki 3 Weaving Second edition P. R. Lord and M. H. Mohamed 4 Handbook of textile fibres Volume 1: Natural fibres J. Gordon Cook 5 Handbook of textile fibres Volume 2: Man-made fibres J. Gordon Cook 6 Recycling textile and plastic waste Edited by A. R. Horrocks 7 New fibers Second edition T. Hongu and G. O. Phillips 8 Atlas of fibre fracture and damage to textiles Second edition J. W. S. Hearle, B. Lomas and W. D. Cooke 9 Ecotextile ’98 Edited by A. R. Horrocks 10 Physical testing of textiles B. P. Saville 11 Geometric symmetry in patterns and tilings C. E. Horne 12 Handbook of technical textiles Edited by A. R. Horrocks and S. C. Anand 13 Textiles in automotive engineering W. Fung and J. M. Hardcastle 14 Handbook of textile design J. Wilson 15 High-performance fibres Edited by J. W. S. Hearle 16 Knitting technology Third edition D. J. Spencer 17 Medical textiles Edited by S. C. Anand 18 Regenerated cellulose fibres Edited by C. Woodings 19 Silk, mohair, cashmere and other luxury fibres Edited by R. R. Franck xii Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles 20 Smart fibres, fabrics and clothing Edited by X. M. Tao 21 Yarn texturing technology J. W. S. Hearle, L. Hollick and D. K. Wilson 22 Encyclopedia of textile finishing H-K. Rouette 23 Coated and laminated textiles W. Fung 24 Fancy yarns R. H. Gong and R. M. Wright 25 Wool: Science and technology Edited by W. S. Simpson and G. Crawshaw 26 Dictionary of textile finishing H-K. Rouette 27 Environmental impact of textiles K. Slater 28 Handbook of yarn production P. R. Lord 29 Textile processing with enzymes Edited by A. Cavaco-Paulo and G. Gübitz 30 The China and Hong Kong denim industry Y. Li, L. Yao and K. W. Yeung 31 The World Trade Organization and international denim trading Y. Li, Y. Shen, L. Yao and E. Newton 32 Chemical finishing of textiles W. D. Schindler and P. J. Hauser 33 Clothing appearance and fit J. Fan, W. Yu and L. Hunter 34 Handbook of fibre rope technology H. A. McKenna, J. W. S. Hearle and N. O’Hear 35 Structure and mechanics of woven fabrics J. L. Hu 36 Synthetic fibres: Nylon, polyester, acrylic, polyolefin Edited by J. E. McIntyre 37 Woollen and worsted woven fabric design E. G. Gilligan 38 Analytical electrochemistry in textiles P. Westbroek, G. Priniotakis and P. Kiekens 39 Bast and other plant fibres R. R. Franck 40 Chemical testing of textiles Edited by Q. Fan 41 Design and manufacture of textile composites Edited by A. C. Long 42 Effect of mechanical and physical properties on fabric hand Edited by H. M. Behery 43 New millennium fibers T. Hongu, M. Takigami and G. O. Phillips 44 Textiles for protection Edited by R. A. Scott Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles xiii 45 Textiles in sport Edited by R. Shishoo 46 Wearable electronics and photonics Edited by X. M. Tao 47 Biodegradable and sustainable fibres Edited by R. S. Blackburn 48 Medical textiles and biomaterials for healthcare Edited by S. C. Anand, M. Miraftab, S. Rajendran and J. F. Kennedy 49 Total colour management in textiles Edited by J. Xin 50 Recycling in textiles Edited by Y. Wang 51 Clothing biosensory engineering Y. Li and A. S. W. Wong 52 Biomechanical engineering of textiles and clothing Edited by Y. Li and D. X-Q. Dai 53 Digital printing of textiles Edited by H. Ujiie 54 Intelligent textiles and clothing Edited by H. R. Mattila 55 Innovation and technology of women’s intimate apparel W. Yu, J. Fan, S. C. Harlock and S. P. Ng 56 Thermal and moisture transport in fibrous materials Edited by N. Pan and P. Gibson 57 Geosynthetics in civil engineering Edited by R. W. Sarsby 58 Handbook of nonwovens Edited by S. Russell 59 Cotton: Science and technology Edited by S. Gordon and Y-L. Hsieh 60 Ecotextiles Edited by M. Miraftab and A. R. Horrocks 61 Composite forming technologies Edited by A. C. Long 62 Plasma technology for textiles Edited by R. Shishoo 63 Smart textiles for medicine and healthcare Edited by L. Van Langenhove 64 Sizing in clothing Edited by S. Ashdown 65 Shape memory polymers and textiles J. L. Hu 66 Environmental aspects of textile dyeing Edited by R. Christie 67 Nanofibers and nanotechnology in textiles Edited by P. Brown and K. Stevens 68 Physical properties of textile fibres Fourth edition W. E. Morton and J. W. S. Hearle 69 Advances in apparel production Edited by C. Fairhurst xiv Woodhead Publishing Series in Textiles 70 Advances in fire retardant materials Edited by A. R. Horrocks and D. Price 71 Polyesters and polyamides Edited by B. L. Deopura, R. Alagirusamy, M. Joshi and B. S. Gupta 72 Advances in wool technology Edited by N. A. G. Johnson and I. Russell 73 Military textiles Edited by E. Wilusz 74 3D fibrous assemblies: Properties, applications and modelling of three-dimensional textile structures J. L. Hu 75 Medical textiles and biomaterials for healthcare Edited by S. C. Anand, J. F. Kennedy, M. Miraftab and S. Rajendran 76 Fabric testing Edited by J. L. Hu 77 Biologically inspired textiles Edited by A. Abbott and M. Ellison 78 Friction in textile materials Edited by B. S. Gupta 79 Textile advances in the automotive industry Edited by R. Shishoo 80 Structure and mechanics of textile fibre assemblies Edited by P. Schwartz 81 Engineering textiles: Integrating the design and manufacture of textile products Edited by Y. E. El-Mogahzy 82 Polyolefin fibres: Industrial and medical applications Edited by S. C. O. Ugbolue 83 Smart clothes and wearable technology Edited by J. McCann and D. Bryson 84 Identification of textile fibres Edited by M. Houck 85 Advanced textiles for wound care Edited by S. Rajendran 86 Fatigue failure of textile fibres Edited by M. Miraftab 87 Advances in carpet technology Edited by K. Goswami 88 Handbook of textile fibre structure Volume 1 and Volume 2 Edited by S. J. Eichhorn, J. W. S. Hearle, M. Jaffe and T. Kikutani 89 Advances in knitting technology Edited by K-F. Au 90 Smart textile coatings and laminates Edited by W. C. Smith 91 Handbook of tensile properties of textile and technical fibres Edited by A. R. Bunsell 92 Interior textiles: Design and developments Edited by T. Rowe 93 Textiles for cold weather apparel Edited by J. T. Williams