UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff SSoouutthh FFlloorriiddaa DDiiggiittaall CCoommmmoonnss @@ UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff SSoouutthh FFlloorriiddaa USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations USF Graduate Theses and Dissertations 11-17-2014 PPeerrffoorrmmaannccee EEvvaalluuaattiioonn aanndd IInntteeggrraatteedd MMaannaaggeemmeenntt ooff AAiirrppoorrtt SSuurrffaaccee OOppeerraattiioonnss Qing Wang University of South Florida, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/etd Part of the Civil Engineering Commons SScchhoollaarr CCoommmmoonnss CCiittaattiioonn Wang, Qing, "Performance Evaluation and Integrated Management of Airport Surface Operations" (2014). USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations. https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/etd/5609 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the USF Graduate Theses and Dissertations at Digital Commons @ University of South Florida. It has been accepted for inclusion in USF Tampa Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Digital Commons @ University of South Florida. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Performance Evaluation and Integrated Management of Airport Surface Operations by Qing Wang A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Civil Engineering Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering College of Engineering University of South Florida Major Professor: Yu Zhang, Ph.D. Bo Zeng, Ph.D. Abdul Pinjari, Ph.D. Grisselle Centeno, Ph.D. Gabriel Picone, Ph.D. Date of Approval: November 17, 2014 Keywords: Global Comparison, Taxiing Model, Trajectory-based Operations, Sequencing and Scheduling, Optimization Model Copyright © 2014, Qing Wang ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Foremost, I would like to thank my advisor Dr. Yu Zhang. She led me to the aviation field and guided me along the challenging yet rewarding route to the success of graduate study. During these five years, she had taught me many invaluable things, both consciously and unconsciously. I sincerely appreciate this experience to be as her PhD student. For this dissertation I also want to thank my committee members Dr. Bo Zeng, Dr. Abdul Pinjari, Dr. Grisselle Centeno, and Dr. Gabriel Picone for their time and helpful comments. I would also like to thank my dissertation defense chair Dr. Yao Liu for facilitating my dissertation defense. The faculty and student members of the transportation group have contributed immensely to my personal and professional time at USF. I gratefully appreciate their friendships, advices and collaborations. I am especially gratefully for the greatest group of students who stick it out in graduate school with me: Nagesh Nayak, Arjun Chauhan, Linjun Lu, Makarand Gawade, Rui Guo, Jacob Mirabella, Nikhil Menon, Srisri Pendem, Maz Kamali, Bertho Augustin, Akbar Bakhshi and Lukai Guo. We are like a big family that continuously supports each other, no matter where we are. Lastly, I would like to thank my dearest family for their unconditional love and constant encouragement. They supported me in all my pursuits and always had my back when I went thought the tough times during years of study abroad. I love you with all my heart. Thank you! TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................... iv LIST OF FIGURES .........................................................................................................................v ABSTRACT ................................................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1 1.1 Status Quo of Air Transportation ...................................................................................1 1.2 Surface Operations Management ...................................................................................3 1.3 Research Objectives .......................................................................................................5 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW .........................................................................................9 2.1 On-going Surface Congestions Management Initiatives ...............................................9 2.2 Studies on Benchmarking Airport Performance ..........................................................12 2.3 Studies on Surface Operations Optimization Problems ...............................................14 CHAPTER 3: COMPARISONS OF AIRPORT SURFACE PERFORMANCE BETWEEN THE U.S. AND EUROPE .......................................................................................................18 3.1 Methodology ................................................................................................................18 3.1.1 Data Source ...................................................................................................19 3.1.2 Selection of European and U.S. Airport Pairs ..............................................19 3.1.2.1 Determination of Selection Criteria .............................................. 19 3.1.2.2 Other Important Airport Features ................................................. 21 3.2 Comparison of Delay, Punctuality and Predictability..................................................23 3.2.1 Arrival Delay and Punctuality ......................................................................23 3.2.2 Taxi-out Delay, Queue Length and Predictability ........................................27 3.3 Comparison of Airport Capacity and Demand ............................................................37 3.3.1 Airport Capacity............................................................................................37 3.3.2 Airport Demand ............................................................................................39 3.4 Policy Implications and Recommendations .................................................................43 3.4.1 Air Transport Regulators ..............................................................................43 3.4.2 Airline Scheduling and Demand Management .............................................44 3.4.3 IFR and VFR .................................................................................................44 3.4.4 Gate Management .........................................................................................45 3.5 Summary ......................................................................................................................45 CHAPTER 4: AIRPORT TAXI TIMES MODELS ......................................................................47 4.1 Definition of Taxi-out Performance Indicators............................................................47 4.1.1 Taxi-out Time ...............................................................................................47 i 4.1.2 Unimpeded Taxi-out Time and Taxi-out Delay ............................................48 4.2 Methods for Computing Unimpeded Taxi-out Time ...................................................49 4.2.1 The U.S. APO Method ..................................................................................49 4.2.2 Europe Performance Review Unit (PRU) Method .......................................50 4.2.3 20th Percentile Method (P20) .......................................................................51 4.2.4 Comparison of Three Methods .....................................................................51 4.3 New Methods for Computing Taxi Delays ..................................................................53 4.3.1 Airport Simulation ........................................................................................53 4.3.2 PDARS Observation .....................................................................................55 4.3.3 Proposed Statistical Model ...........................................................................58 4.3.3.1 Contributing Factors ..................................................................... 59 4.3.3.2 Regression Function...................................................................... 61 4.3.3.3 Regression Diagnostic .................................................................. 62 4.3.3.4 Numerical Results ......................................................................... 66 4.3.3.4.1 Example Model Equation .............................................. 66 4.3.3.4.2 Comparison Results ....................................................... 68 4.4 Summary ......................................................................................................................70 CHAPTER 5: REAL-TIME INTEGRATED AIRPORT SURFACE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT .....................................................................................................................72 5.1 Problem Definition.......................................................................................................73 5.1.1 Recursive Planning Horizon .........................................................................73 5.1.2 Ready Time Limit .........................................................................................73 5.1.3 Conflict-Free Constraint ...............................................................................74 5.1.4 Precedence Constraint ...................................................................................75 5.1.5 Minimum Separation Requirements .............................................................75 5.1.6 Gate Availability ...........................................................................................76 5.1.7 Engine Warm-up Time .................................................................................76 5.1.8 Speed Limit ...................................................................................................76 5.2 Mathematical Formulation ...........................................................................................77 5.3 Solution Algorithm ......................................................................................................80 5.3.1 Linearization .................................................................................................81 5.3.2 Decomposition Algorithm ............................................................................82 5.3.2.1 Dynamic Programming for Runway Sequencing ......................... 82 5.3.2.2 User Interface ................................................................................ 84 5.4 Case Study ...................................................................................................................85 5.4.1 Airport Layout and Track Data .....................................................................85 5.4.2 Weight Factor................................................................................................88 5.4.3 Speed Limit ...................................................................................................89 5.4.4 Engine Warm up Time ..................................................................................89 5.4.5 Simulation .....................................................................................................89 5.5 Numerical Results ........................................................................................................90 5.5.1 Comparison with Historical Scenario ...........................................................91 5.5.1.1 Taxi Time ...................................................................................... 91 5.5.1.2 Gate Holding ................................................................................. 93 5.5.1.3 Runway Throughput ..................................................................... 93 ii 5.5.1.4 Stop-and-go Scenarios .................................................................. 94 5.5.2 Comparison with Simulation Results............................................................96 5.5.2.1 Taxi Time, Gate Holding and Runway Throughput ..................... 96 5.5.2.2 Stop-and-go Scenarios .................................................................. 97 5.5.3 Sensitivity Analysis on Speed .......................................................................99 5.5.4 Performance Analysis on Optimization ......................................................100 5.6 Summary ....................................................................................................................101 CHAPTER 6: CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE WORK ...........................................................103 6.1 Global Comparison ....................................................................................................103 6.2 Benchmark Model ......................................................................................................104 6.3 RTI-ASOM ................................................................................................................106 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................110 APPENDICES .............................................................................................................................114 Appendix A U.S. Methodology for Nominal Taxi Times ...............................................115 Appendix B European Methodology for Unimpeded Taxi Times...................................117 Appendix C Carriers in Airline Service Quality Performance System (ASQP) and Aviation System Performance Metric (ASPM) .........................................................119 iii LIST OF TABLES Table 1 Comprehensive Overview of Airport Features in 2008 ....................................................21 Table 2 Comparison of Unimpeded Taxi-out Times Using Different Methods ............................52 Table 3 Unimpeded Taxi Times for Different Terminal-Runway Pairs from Simulation ............54 Table 4 Maximum, Minimum, and Average Unimpeded Taxi Times from PDARS Observation ....................................................................................................................56 Table 5 Correlations among Decision Variables ...........................................................................64 Table 6 Test Results for Collinearity .............................................................................................66 Table 7 Summary of Regression Output for the Sample Group ....................................................66 Table 8 Comparison of R-Squares of Different Models at CLT, PHL and LGA ..........................69 Table 9 Minimum Time Separation (in sec) between Two Successive Arrival/Departure Aircraft on the Same Runway .......................................................................................75 Table 10 Nomenclature of Index Sets and Inputs ..........................................................................77 Table 11 Summary of Routing Options for Distinct Gate-Runway Pairs .....................................87 Table 12 Mean Value and Standard Deviation of Historical Taxi Time (18:00-19:00) ................88 Table 13 Statistics of Taxi Times for Departures and Arrivals Before and After RTI-ASOM .....................................................................................................................92 Table 14 Summary of Performance Metrics before and after RTI-ASOM ...................................93 Table 15 Summary of Performance Metrics from Simulation and RTI-ASOM ...........................96 Table 16 Statistics of Taxi Times for Departures and Arrivals between Simulation and RTI-ASOM .....................................................................................................................97 Table 17 Summary of Performance Metrics with Various Maximum Speed Limits in RTI-ASOM ...................................................................................................................100 Table 18 Comparison of Optimization Performance between RTI-ASOM and Solver ..............101 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1 Overview of main airport characteristics in 2008. ..........................................................20 Figure 2 Hourly arrival delay and flight movements at MAD and PHL. ......................................23 Figure 3 Hourly arrival delay and flight movements at BCN and FLL. ........................................24 Figure 4 Hourly arrival delay and flight movements at PMI and TPA. ........................................24 Figure 5 Arrival delay distribution over different peak hours at MAD and PHL. .........................25 Figure 6 Arrival delay distribution over different peak hours at BCN and FLL. ..........................26 Figure 7 Arrival delay distribution over different peak hours at PMI and TPA. ...........................26 Figure 8 Unimpeded taxi-out time, taxi-out delay and departure queue at MAD and PHL by applying different methods. .......................................................................................28 Figure 9 Unimpeded taxi-out time, taxi-out delay and departure queue at BCN and FLL by applying different methods. .......................................................................................29 Figure 10 Unimpeded taxi-out time, taxi-out delay and departure queue at PMI and TPA by applying different methods. .......................................................................................29 Figure 11 Taxi-out delay, departure queue length and demand at MAD and PHL. ......................30 Figure 12 Taxi-out delay, departure queue length and demand at BCN and FLL. ........................31 Figure 13 Taxi-out delay, departure queue length and demand at PMI and TPA. ........................32 Figure 14 Departure queue length (Qo) vs. actual taxi-out time (ACTTO) at MAD and PHL. ....33 Figure 15 Departure queue length (Qo) vs. actual taxi-out time (ACTTO) at BCN and FLL. .....33 Figure 16 Departure queue length (Qo) vs. actual taxi-out time (ACTTO) at PMI and TPA. ......34 Figure 17 Comparison of taxi-out delay (Cal_DlaTo) by airlines at MAD and PHL. ..................35 Figure 18 Comparison of taxi-out delay (Cal_DlaTo) by airlines at BCN and FLL. ....................35 Figure 19 Comparison of taxi-out delay (Cal_DlaTo) by airlines at PMI and TPA. .....................36 v Figure 20 Terminal locations of AAL and SWA at PHL. .............................................................37 Figure 21 Average taxi-out delay under IFR and VFR procedures at U.S. airports. .....................38 Figure 22 Scheduled flight movements over time of day at MAD and PHL. ...............................40 Figure 23 Scheduled flight movements over time of day at BCN and FLL. .................................41 Figure 24 Scheduled flight movements over time of day at PMI and TPA. ..................................41 Figure 25 Demand and actual movement at MAD and PHL. ........................................................42 Figure 26 APO method for determining unimpeded taxi-out time. ...............................................50 Figure 27 Simplified PRU method for determining unimpeded taxi-out time. .............................51 Figure 28 Comparison of average unimpeded taxi-out times at LGA, PHL and CLT. .................52 Figure 29 Layout of PHL in the simulation with sample taxi routes .............................................54 Figure 30 Snapshot of flight trajectories at PHL. ..........................................................................55 Figure 31 Different taxi routes of two flights with the same terminal-runway pair. .....................57 Figure 32 Diagram of CLT airport.................................................................................................61 Figure 33 Frequency distribution of actual taxi-out time for selected group of flights. ................62 Figure 34 Scatter plot of departure queue length versus logACTTO. ...........................................63 Figure 35 Scatter plot of residuals versus predicted logACTTO. ..................................................65 Figure 36 Average taxi-out times by different methods at CLT, LGA and PHL. .........................70 Figure 37 Flow chart of using DP in sequence search. ..................................................................83 Figure 38 Snapshot of user interface and sample results. ..............................................................84 Figure 39 LGA surface networks with nodes and links. ................................................................86 Figure 40 Taxi-out time for departures before and after RTI-ASOM. ..........................................92 Figure 41 Taxi-in time for arrivals before and after RTI-ASOM. .................................................92 Figure 42 Holding time and excessive taxi time reduced for departures. ......................................93 Figure 43 Examples of taxi speed variation along their taxi routes for two consecutive departures in historical scenario and RTI-ASOM. .........................................................95 vi Figure 44 Taxi times by flight from simulation and RTI-ASOM. .................................................97 Figure 45 Examples of taxi speed variation along their taxi routes for two consecutive departures in simulation and RTI-ASOM. .....................................................................98 Figure 46 Comparison of optimized taxi time by aircraft with various maximum speed limits in RTI-ASOM. .....................................................................................................99 Figure 47 Example of critical control points at LGA ..................................................................109 vii