October 2007 Teacher's Guide About the Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Student Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Answers to Student Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 ChemMatters Puzzle: CHEMISTRY SYLLABISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Answers to CHEMISTRY SYLLABISM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Content Reading Guide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 National Science Education Content Standard Addressed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Anticipation Guides . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Question From the Classroom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Serendipitous Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Linus Pauling, American Hero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 What’s That Stuff? Pencils & Pencil Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Percy Julian: Rising Above Racism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Tantalum, Congo, and Your Cell Phone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Reading Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Serendipitous Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Linus Pauling, American Hero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 What’s That Stuff? Pencils and Pencil Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Percy Julian: Rising Above Racism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Tantalum, Congo, and Your Cell Phone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Serendipitous Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Background Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Connections to Chemistry Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Possible Student Misconceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Demonstrations and Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Student Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Anticipating Student Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Websites for Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Linus Pauling, American Hero . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Background Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Connections to Chemistry Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Possible Student Misconceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Demonstrations and Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Student Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Anticipating Student Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Websites for Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 What’s That Stuff? Pencils and Pencil Lead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Background Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Connections to Chemistry Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Possible Student Misconceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Demonstrations and Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Student Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Anticipating Student Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Websites for Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Percy Julian: Rising Above Racism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Background Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 Connections to Chemistry Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 Possible Student Misconceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Demonstrations and Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Student Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Anticipating Student Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Websites for Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 General Web References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Tantalum, Congo, and Your Cell Phone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Background Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Connections to Chemistry Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Possible Student Misconceptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Demonstrations and Lessons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Student Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Anticipating Student Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 Websites for Additional Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 About the Guide William Bleam, Donald McKinney, Mark Michalovic, and Ronald Tempest, TG Editors, created the teacher’s guide article material. [email protected] Susan Cooper prepared the national science education content, anticipation, and reading guides. [email protected] Sandra Barlow, Senior Program Associate and Terri Taylor, CM Administrative Editor, coordinated production and prepared the MS Word and PDF versions of the Guide. [email protected] David Olney created the puzzle. [email protected] Articles from past issues of ChemMatters can be accessed from a CD that is available from the American Chemical Society for $20. The CD contains all ChemMatters issues from 1983 to 2003. The 2006 ChemMatters Print Index can be purchased for $12 and covers all issues from 1983 to 2006. A special CD/Index Package can be purchased for $25 by calling 1-800-227-5558. Purchase information can be found online at: http://chemistry.org/chemmatters/cd3.html Student Questions Serendipitous Chemistry 1. What is the origin of the word “Vaseline”, the commercial product marketed by Robert Chesebrough? 2. How does Vaseline prevent the development of infection in body wounds? 3. Where in nature is nylon found? 4. What is the practical value of carbon and silicon (both in the same chemical family) being able to form four single bonds? 5. Why are carbon-carbon bonds preferred over silicon-silicon bonds in polymers? 6. What is a polymer? 7. What is the difference between silicone and silicon? 8. Why are some artificial sweeteners not used in baking? Linus Pauling, American Hero 1. At what institution of higher learning did Pauling earn his PhD degree? 2. What tools did Pauling use to “unravel the structure of proteins”? 3. Pauling and others discovered that the change of shape of blood cells in sickle cell anemia was due to a change in the cell’s DNA. What was the significance of this discovery? 4. What determines whether the process of protein denaturation will be reversible? 5. Comment on the following statement: “Pauling had always been an advocate for peace.” 6. What, specifically, was Pauling’s main concern about atomic bombs: e.g., the sheer magnitude of the destruction, the large amounts of heat given off in the explosion, something else entirely? 7. What were the consequences of his anti-nuclear, anti-war stance? 8. Who was the Linus Pauling Institute named for? 9. To what areas of human endeavor did Pauling contribute significantly? What’s That Stuff? Pencils and Pencil Lead 1. Name the town in England near which the first significant pure deposit of graphite was discovered. 2. Name the chemist who identified graphite as an allotrope of carbon. 3. The “lead” in a pencil is actually a mixture of graphite and what other material? 4. What is the name given to the metal ring that holds the eraser on a pencil? 5. Wood from what kind of trees is used to make most modern pencils? 6. In the United States a pencil made with very hard lead would be marked with what number? Percy Julian: Rising Above Racism 1. Name the three colleges/universities from which Julian earned his three degrees. 2. What chemical element is found in all alkaloid compounds? 3. Name the African bean from which physostigmine is extracted. 4. Describe how glaucoma causes blindness. 5. Which industrial company hired Julian in 1935, and what did they make? 6. Steroids typically have how many carbon rings? 7. Compound S is a precursor chemical to what important treatment for arthritis? Tantalum, Congo, and Your Cell Phone 1. What other elements besides tantalum are present in coltan? 2. What element combines with tantalum at the surface of a piece of tantalum metal? 3. What cell phone component is tantalum used to make? 4. Why does aluminum resist corrosion well? 5. In what countries (other than Congo) is coltan found? 6. In a capacitor, what kind of charge builds up on the plate with excess electrons? 7. What do we call the insulating material between the two plates of a capacitor? Answers to Student Questions Serendipitous Chemistry 1. What is the origin of the word “Vaseline”, the commercial product marketed by Robert Chesebrough? The word “Vaseline” is a combination of the German word “wasser” and the Greek word “elain” (oil). 2. How does Vaseline prevent the development of infection in body wounds? Vaseline prevents the development of infection in wounds by forming a barrier between the wound and the air, preventing the growth of bacteria that are oxygen-dependent. It also retains moisture which is particularly important in the healing of burns. 3. Where in nature is nylon found? Nylon is not found in nature—it is a manufactured product, a synthetic polymer. 4. What is the practical value of carbon and silicon (both in the same chemical family) being able to form four single bonds? Being able to form bonds means that large chains of molecules, polymers, can be formed with many additional atoms or groups attached to the sides of the chains. Single molecules as large as automobile tires are possible! 5. Why are carbon-carbon bonds preferred over silicon-silicon bonds in polymers? Carbon-carbon bonds are stronger (check bond energies) than silicon-silicon bonds, therefore not as easily broken (less reactive) compared with the more reactive bonds of silicon. What is a polymer? A polymer (which means “of many parts”) is a long molecule formed from atoms linked or bonded into a continuous chain. 6. What is the difference between silicone and silicon? Silicone is a carbon compound (polymer) that contains the element silicon. 7. Why are some artificial sweeteners not used in baking? Sweeteners like Aspartame cannot be used in baking because the heat will cause the molecule to decompose or break apart. Acid conditions will have the same effect. Linus Pauling, American Hero 1. At what institution of higher learning did Pauling earn his PhD degree? Pauling earned his doctorate at the California Institute of Technology, CalTech. 2. What tools did Pauling use to “unravel the structure of proteins”? Pauling used his own diagrams and models, the rules he had established (“Pauling’s rules”), and x-ray crystallography to determine protein structures. 3. Pauling and others discovered that the change of shape of blood cells in sickle cell anemia was due to a change in the cell’s DNA. What was the significance of this discovery? The discovery that cellular shape changes were due to mutation of DNA was the first demonstration that protein changes were associated with human disease. 4. What determines whether the process of protein denaturation will be reversible? The denaturation process will not be reversible if the bond being broken is the strong peptide bond; the process can be reversed if the bond being broken is the weaker hydrogen bond. 5. Comment on the following statement: “Pauling had always been an advocate for peace.” Pauling did not originally advocate for peace. According to the article, before the beginning of World War II, Pauling had advocated going to war against the Axis powers. It was only after the use of the atomic bombs on Japan that he questioned the right of the government to inflict that much damage on another country and began his quest for peace in earnest. 6. What, specifically, was Pauling’s main concern about atomic bombs: e.g., the sheer magnitude of the destruction, the large amounts of heat given off in the explosion, something else entirely? Pauling’s major concern was with atmospheric fallout of nuclear radiation left over after the bomb exploded. He feared large numbers of babies would be born with birth defects as a result of above-ground nuclear explosions. 7. What were the consequences of his anti-nuclear, anti-war stance? The FBI investigated Pauling for possible ties to Communism; he was repeatedly denied the issuance of a passport; he lost grants for research; he was denied security clearance; and he was fired from a consulting job with a pharmaceutical firm. 8. Who was the Linus Pauling Institute named for? The Linus Pauling Institute was named for Linus Pauling [No trick question here!] 9. To what areas of human endeavor did Pauling contribute significantly? Pauling contributed significantly to the areas of chemistry, molecular chemistry, biochemistry, and humanitarianism. What’s That Stuff? Pencils and Pencil Lead 1. Name the town in England near which the first significant pure deposit of graphite was discovered. Graphite was discovered in Borrowdale. 2. Name the chemist who identified graphite as an allotrope of carbon. Carl Scheele first identified graphite as an allotrope of carbon. 3. The “lead” in a pencil is actually a mixture of graphite and what other material? Clay is the other ingredient in a pencil, besides graphite. 4. What is the name given to the metal ring that holds the eraser on a pencil? The ring that holds the eraser on a pencil is called a ferrule. 5. Wood from what kind of trees is used to make most modern pencils? Incense cedar trees are the source for the wood in most modern pencils. 6. In the United States a pencil made with very hard lead would be marked with what number? Number 4 pencils in the US are very hard lead pencils. Percy Julian: Rising Above Racism 1. Name the three colleges/universities from which Julian earned his three degrees. Julian earned his degrees at DePauw University (bachelors), Harvard University (masters), and the University of Vienna (Ph.D.) 2. What chemical element is found in all alkaloid compounds? Nitrogen is found in all alkaloid compounds. 3. Name the African bean from which physostigmine is extracted. Physostigmine is extracted from the Calabar bean. 4. Describe how glaucoma causes blindness. Glaucoma causes blindness by building up pressure inside the eye. 5. Which industrial company hired Julian in 1935, and what did they make? Glidden hired Julian. The company makes paints and chemicals. 6. Steroids typically have how many carbon rings? Steroids typically have four carbon rings. 7. Compound S is a precursor chemical to what important treatment for arthritis? Cortisol is the product prepared from Compound S. Cortisol is used to treat arthritis. Tantalum, Congo, and Your Cell Phone 1. What other elements besides tantalum are present in coltan? Niobium, iron, manganese, and oxygen 2. What element combines with tantalum at the surface of a piece of tantalum metal? Oxygen combines with tantalum at its surface. 3. What cell phone component is tantalum used to make? Tantalum is used to make capacitors for cell phones. 4. Why does aluminum resist corrosion well? Aluminum oxidizes rapidly, and a piece of aluminum quickly develops a layer of aluminum oxide on its surface that protects the metal inside from further oxidation. 5. In what countries (other than Congo) is coltan found? Coltan is also found in Australia, Brazil, and Canada. 6. In a capacitor, what kind of charge builds up on the plate with excess electrons? Negative charge builds up on the plate with excess electrons, because electrons have negative charges. 7. What do we call the insulating material between the two plates of a capacitor? The name for the insulating material between the plates of the capacitor is a dielectric. ChemMatters Puzzle: CHEMISTRY SYLLABISM No, not chemistry symbols… syllables ! We give below clues to twelve chemical names (elements, groups, people), and a box containing all the syllables that make up those terms. You can cross them out as you solve a clue. The number of syllables in the name is given in parentheses. As an additional help, the first letters of each of the 12 terms reading down generate the name of a famous chemist. Other letters , marked by an asterisk, read down to identify the concept he/she is famous for (and our puzzle theme !) The SYLLABLES (in alphabetical order): BI BIG CU DI E EL ES EX FUR GEN GEN HAF IC LIE MENT MER NI NI O OX RA RY SUL TER TER THERM TRI TRO UM UM UM UM Y YT YT CLUES: 1. Box 72 in the periodic table (3) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ * 2. Collection of atoms all with same _ _ _ _ _ _ _ number of protons (3) * 3. Some bacteria are able to “fix” this (3) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ * 4. The radioactive Group 2 metal (3) _ _ _ _ _ _ * 5. The first element to have a 4d1 electron (3) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ * 6. Liquid that’s 13.6 times denser than water (3) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ * 7. The important element in all acids, says Lavoisier (3) _ _ _ _ _ _ * 8. An element with several allotropic forms (2) _ _ _ _ _ _ * 9. A process in which ∆ H is negative in sign (4) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ * 10. Founder of the influential “Annalen der Chemie”(2) _ _ _ _ _ _ * 11. Ethyl propanoate, for example (2) _ _ _ _ _ * 12. First element to complete its 4f subshell (4) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ * Answers to CHEMISTRY SYLLABISM 1. Hafnium 2. Element 3. Nitrogen 4. Radium 5. Yttrium 6. Mercury 7. Oxygen 8. Sulfur 9. Exothermic 10.Liebig 11.Ester 12.Ytterbium The designated letters spell out HENRY MOSELEY The concept for which he is famous is the ATOMIC NUMBER. Moseley used his X-ray studies in 1913-14 to assign each element a unique integer, its atomic number. It was soon shown to be related to the proton number in each atom’s nucleus. Moseley was tragically killed in 1915, fighting at Gallipoli during World War I. A few notes: Clue 5: Although Yttrium is in period 5, the subshell that it initiates is the 4d, not 5d. Clue 12: Although Ytterbium’s position is the 13th Lanthanide, its electron configuration has been determined to be [Xe] 4f14 4d0 5s2 . Most of the lanthanides have a 5d1 electron in the ground state. Clue 7: Lavoisier was a great chemist, but on this matter, he was simply wrong ! Many acids do contain oxygen, but not all. Modern definitions stress the importance of Hydrogen (as H+… a proton) as the key element Clue 10: Justus von Liebig in the middle of the 19th century was a key researcher in Organic Chemistry, inventor (the Liebig condenser), author, publisher (as in the clue), and educator. Many college instructors in Chemistry today can trace their educational “lineage” back to Liebig through his many students.