F N S RONTIERS IN UTRITIONAL CIENCE This series of books addresses a wide range of topics in nutritional science. The books are aimed at advanced undergraduate and graduate students, research- ers, university teachers, policy makers and nutrition and health professionals. They offer original syntheses of knowledge, providing a fresh perspective on key topics in nutritional science. Each title is written by a single author or by groups of authors who are acknowledged experts in their fi eld. Titles include aspects of molecular, cellular and whole-body nutrition and cover humans and wild, cap- tive and domesticated animals. Basic nutritional science, clinical nutrition and public health nutrition are each addressed by titles in the series. Editor in Chief P.C. Calder, University of Southampton, UK Editorial Board A. Bell, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA F. Kok, Wageningen University, The Netherlands A. Lichtenstein, Tufts University, Massachusetts, USA I. Ortigues-Marty, INRA, Thiex, France P. Yaqoob, University of Reading, UK K. Younger, Dublin Institute of Technology, Ireland Titles available 1. Nutrition and Immune Function Edited by P.C. Calder, C.J. Field and H.S. Gill 2. Fetal Nutrition and Adult Disease: Programming of Chronic Disease through Fetal Exposure to Undernutrition Edited by S.C. Langley-Evans 3. The Psychology of Food Choice Edited by R. Shepherd and M. Raats 4. Peptides in Energy Balance and Obesity Edited by G. Frühbeck To my family for teaching me perseverance in projects and endeavours of every kind. P E EPTIDES IN NERGY B O ALANCE AND BESITY Edited by Gema Frühbeck Department of Endocrinology Metabolic Research Laboratory Clínica Universitaria de Navarra University of Navarra and CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición Instituto de Salud Carlos III Pamplona Spain in association with The Nutrition Society CABI is a trading name of CAB International CABI Head Offi ce CABI North American Offi ce Nosworthy Way 875 Massachusetts Avenue Wallingford 7th Floor Oxfordshire OX10 8DE Cambridge, MA 02139 UK USA Tel: +44 (0)1491 832111 Tel: +1 617 395 4056 Fax: +44 (0)1491 833508 Fax: +1 617 354 6875 E-mail: [email protected] E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.cabi.org ©CAB International 2009. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form or by any means, electronically, mechanically, by photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owners. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library, London, UK. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Peptides in energy balance and obesity / edited by Gema Frühbeck. p. ; cm. -- (Frontiers in nutritional science ; no. 4) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84593-407-1 (alk. paper) 1. Peptide hormones. 2. Obesity--Pathophysiology. 3. Energy metabolism. I. Frühbeck, Gema. II. Nutrition Society (Great Britain) III. Title. IV. Series. [DNLM: 1. Peptides--metabolism. 2. Appetite Regulation. 3. Energy Metabolism--physiology. 4. Homeostasis. 5. Obesity--physiopathology. QU 68 P42437 2009] QP572.P4.P47 2009 612.4'05--dc22 2008037565 ISBN-13: 978 1 84593 407 1 Typeset by AMA Dataset Ltd, UK Printed and bound in the UK by MPG Books Group The paper used for the text pages in this book is FSC certifi ed. The FSC (Forest Stewardship Council) is an international network to promote responsible management of the world's forests. Contents Contributors vii Preface xi Part I: Central Pathways Involved in the Control of Food Intake and Energy Expenditure 1. Orexigenic Peptides 1 M.J. Morris and M.J. Hansen 2. Anorexigenic Peptides 33 S. Perboni, N. Ueno, G. Mantovani and A. Inui 3. Newcomers and Supporting Actors 61 J.A. Harrold and G. Williams Part II: Peripheral Signals Participating in Energy Homeostasis and Obesity-associated Alterations 4. The Gut as a Second Brain 93 C.J. Small, K. Wynne and S.R. Bloom 5. Elements of the Adipostat 115 H. Hauner 6. Natriuretic Peptides and Other Lipolytic Peptides Involved in the Control of Lipid Mobilization in Humans 133 M. Lafontan, C. Sengenes, C. Moro, J. Galitzky and M. Berlan v vi Contents 7. The Adipo–Hepato–Insular Axis in Glucose Homeostasis 163 J. Gómez-Ambrosi, V. Catalán and G. Frühbeck 8. Adipokines in the Immune–Stress Response 195 R. Madani, N.C. Ogston and V. Mohamed-Ali 9. Peptides Involved in Vascular Homeostasis 229 A. Rodríguez and G. Frühbeck Part III: Integrative Perspectives 10. Hierarchy of Neural Pathways Controlling Energy Homeostasis 263 A. Abizaid and T.L. Horvath 11. Energy Regulatory Signals and Food Reward 285 D. Figlewicz Lattemann, N.M. Sanders and A.J. Sipols 12. Embracing Complexity: The Emergence of Functional Neuroimaging and Other Methodologies to Study the Role of the Human Brain in the Pathophysiology of Obesity 309 P.A. Tataranni, N. Pannacciulli, D.S.NT Le and A. Del Parigi 13. Overview of the Integrative Physiology of Adipose Tissue in Energy Homeostasis 331 I. Dugail and M. Guerre-Millo 14. Application of ‘Omic’ Strategies to Obesity Research 349 C. Henegar, S. Taleb, D. Langin, J.-D. Zucker and K. Clément 15. Implications for the Future of Obesity Management 369 G.N. Chaldakov, A.B. Tonchev, M. Fiore, M.G. Hristova, R. Pancheva, G. Rancic and L. Aloe Index 391 Contributors Abizaid, Alfonso, Institute for Neuroscience, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Aloe, Luigi, Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, National Research Council-European Brain Research Institute, NGF Section, Rome, Italy. Berlan, Michel, Unité de Recherches sur les obésités, Unité Inserm-UPS 586, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut Louis Bugnard, Hôpital Rangueil, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France. Bloom, Stephen R., Department of Metabolic Medicine, Division of Investigative Science, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK. Catalán, Victoria, Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. Chaldakov, George, Division of Cell Biology, Medical University, BG-9002 Varna, Bulgaria. Clément, Karine, INSERM, Nutriomique, U872, Paris, France; University Paris 6, F-75006 Paris, France; CHRU Pitié Salpétrière, Hôtel-Dieu Nutrition Depart- ment, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, F-75013 Paris, France. Del Parigi, Angelo, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Dugail, Isabelle, INSERM, U872, F-75006 Paris, France; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, UMR S 872, F-75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 872, F-75006 Paris, France. Figlewicz Lattemann, Dianne, VA Puget Sound Health Care System (151), 1660 So. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA and Department of P sychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, USA. vii viii Contributors Fiore, Marco, Institute of Neurobiology and Molecular Medicine, National Research Council-European Brain Research Institute, NGF Section, Rome, Italy. Frühbeck, Gema, Metabolic Research Laboratory and Department of Endo- crinology, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. Galitzky, Jean, Unité de Recherches sur les obésités, Unité Inserm-UPS 586, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut Louis Bugnard, Hôpital Rangueil, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France. Gómez-Ambrosi, Javier, Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. Guerre-Millo, Michèle, INSERM, U872, F-75006 Paris, France; Centre de recher- che des Cordeliers, Université Pierre et Marie Curie – Paris 6, UMR S 872, F-75006 Paris, France; Université Paris Descartes, UMR S 872, F-75006 Paris, France. Hansen, Michelle J., Department of Pharmacology, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia. Harrold, Joanne A., Neuroendocrine and Obesity Biology Unit, Department of Med- icine, University of Liverpool, Duncan Building, Liverpool L69 3GA, UK. Hauner, Hans, Else Kröner-Fresenius Centre for Nutritional Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, 81675 Munich, Germany. Henegar, Corneliu, INSERM, Nutriomique, U872, Paris, France; University Paris 6, F-75006 Paris, France; CHRU Pitié Salpétrière, Hôtel-Dieu Nutrition Department, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, F-75013 Paris, France. Horvath, Tamas L., Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences and Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medi- cine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA. Hristova, Mariyana G., Division of Cell Biology, Medical University, BG-9002 Varna, Bulgaria. Inui, Akio, Department of Behavioural Medicine, Kagoshima University Gradu- ate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, 890-8520, Japan. Lafontan, Max, Unité de Recherches sur les obésités, Unité Inserm-UPS 586, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut Louis Bugnard, Hôpital Rangueil, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France. Langin, Dominique, INSERM, U858, Laboratoire de Recherches sur les Obésités, Institut de Médecine Moléculaire de Rangueil, F-31062 Toulouse, France. Le, Duc Son NT, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Madani, Rana, Adipokines and Metabolism Research Group, Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK. Mantovani, Giovanni, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy. Contributors ix Mohamed-Ali, Vidya, Adipokines and Metabolism Research Group, Centre for Clinical Pharmacology, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK. Moro, Cédric, Unité de Recherches sur les obésités, Unité Inserm-UPS 586, Uni- versité Paul Sabatier, Institut Louis Bugnard, Hôpital Rangueil, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France. Morris, Margaret J., School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, NSW 2052, Australia. Ogston, Nicola C., Adipokines and Metabolism Research Group, Centre for Clin- ical Pharmacology, University College London, 5 University Street, London WC1E 6JJ, UK. Pancheva, Rouzha, Nutrigenomics Centre, Medical University, BG-9002 Varna, Bulgaria. Pannacciulli, Nicola, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Perboni, Simona, Department of Medical Oncology, University of Cagliari, Cagliari,Italy. Rancic, Gorana, Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical Faculty, Niˆs, Serbia. Rodríguez, Amaia, Metabolic Research Laboratory, Clínica Universitaria de Navarra, University of Navarra, 31008, Pamplona, Spain. Sanders, Nicole M., VA Puget Sound Health Care System (151), 1660 So. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA and Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Box 356560, Seattle, WA 98195-6560, USA. Sengenes, Coralie, Unité de Recherches sur les obésités, Unité Inserm-UPS 586, Université Paul Sabatier, Institut Louis Bugnard, Hôpital Rangueil, TSA 50032, 31059 Toulouse cedex 9, France. Sipols, Alfred J., Institute for Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Latvia, Riga LV-1004, Latvia. Small, Caroline J., Department of Metabolic Medicine, Division of Investigative Science, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 ONN, UK. Taleb, Soraya, INSERM, Nutriomique, U872, Paris, France; University Paris 6, F-75006 Paris, France; CHRU Pitié Salpétrière, Hôtel-Dieu Nutrition Depart- ment, Centre de Recherche en Nutrition Humaine, F-75013 Paris, France. Tataranni, P. Antonio, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institute of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Phoenix, Arizona, USA. Tonchev, Anton B., Division of Cell Biology and Nutrigenomics Centre, Medical University, BG-9002 Varna, Bulgaria. Ueno, Naohiko, Division of Diabetes, Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Depart- ment of Clinical Molecular Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, 650-0017, Japan.