AFRICAN HISTORIES AND MODERNITIES PENTECOSTALISM AND POLITICS IN AFRICA Edited by Adeshina Afolayan, Olajumoke Yacob-Haliso, and Toyin Falola African Histories and Modernities Series Editors Toyin Falola University of Texas Austin, TX, USA Matthew M. Heaton Virginia Tech Blacksburg, USA This book series serves as a scholarly forum on African contributions to and negotiations of diverse modernities over time and space, with a particular emphasis on historical developments. Specifically, it aims to refute the hegemonic conception of a singular modernity, Western in origin, spreading out to encompass the globe over the last several decades. Indeed, rather than reinforcing conceptual boundaries or parameters, the series instead looks to receive and respond to changing perspectives on an important but inherently nebulous idea, deliberately creating a space in which multiple modernities can interact, overlap, and conflict. While privileging works that emphasize historical change over time, the series will also feature scholarship that blurs the lines between the historical and the contemporary, recognizing the ways in which our changing understandings of modernity in the present have the capacity to affect the way we think about African and global histories. Editorial Board: Akintunde Akinyemi, Literature, University of Florida, Gainesville Malami Buba, Languages, Sokoto State University Emmanuel Mbah, History, CUNY, College of Staten Island Insa Nolte, History, University of Birmingham Shadrack Wanjala Nasong’o, International Studies, Rhodes College Samuel Oloruntoba, Political Science, TMALI, University of South Africa Bridget Teboh, History, University of Massachusetts Dartmouth More information about this series at http://www.palgrave.com/gp/series/14758 Adeshina Afolayan • Olajumoke Yacob-Haliso Toyin Falola Editors Pentecostalism and Politics in Africa Editors Adeshina Afolayan Olajumoke Yacob-Haliso University of Ibadan Babcock University Ibadan, Nigeria Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria Toyin Falola University of Texas Austin, TX, USA African Histories and Modernities ISBN 978-3-319-74910-5 ISBN 978-3-319-74911-2 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-74911-2 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018947374 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: Jake Lyell / Alamy Stock Photo Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland P a reface and cknowledgments Pentecostalism and politics in Africa are two unique phenomena worthy of study in their own right as conceptual and empirical subjects. Both have con- tributed to the postcolonial unfolding and understanding of the continent. But such an understanding would be incomplete if they are understood, as in most of the literature, as separate incidences and phenomena. This is because since Pentecostalism made its way to Africa it has been inextricably and complicat- edly tied in with the complexity of the political on the continent. African politi- cal leaders, at various levels, from president to local government chairpersons, have recruited pastors to their political ambitions; pastors have campaigned for political positions; politicians and pastors have been at loggerheads; pastors have either asked their congregations to vote or not to vote, based on peculiar interpretations of the Bible; the church has exploited loopholes in state legal provisions that served their purposes; pastors have prophesied about the politi- cal climate of the state; and politicians have made policies that are beneficial or not beneficial to the churches. There are many diverse manifestations of the complex relationship between politics and Pentecostalism in Africa. The contributors to this volume are distinguished by their attempts to map the intricate conceptual and empirical contours of this relationship in a way that will enable our understanding of a dimension of postcolonial life in Africa that, in significant ways, contributes to how Africans define who they are and how they perceive their present and future in a political context that is so cir- cumscribed. This volume is equally significant because it opens up further dis- course and research into the Pentecostal literature in Africa and the already fulsome debates on politics and the political. * * * We would like to thank all the contributors for their enthusiasm and patience throughout the time it took for this volume to achieve publication. Each brought their expertise in various aspects of Pentecostalism and the political v vi PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS understanding of Africa to bear on their analyses of the complex relationship between the Pentecostal and the political in Africa. Our appreciation also goes to the editorial assistants at Palgrave Macmillan who painstakingly guided the volume to its successful end. Ibadan, Nigeria Adeshina Afolayan Ilishan-Remo, Nigeria Olajumoke Yacob-Haliso Austin, TX Toyin Falola 2017 c ontents Part I I ntroduction 1 1 Introduction: The Pentecostal and the Political in Africa 3 Adeshina Afolayan, Olajumoke Yacob-Haliso, and Toyin Falola 2 Explaining the Growth and Legitimation of the Pentecostal Movement in Africa 25 Olufunke Adeboye Part II Pentecostalism and Society in Africa 41 3 Pentecostalism, Islam, and Religious Fundamentalism in Africa 43 Marinus Chijioke Iwuchukwu 4 Buy the Future: Charismatic Pentecostalism and African Liberation in a Neoliberal World 65 Marleen de Witte 5 When Pentecostalism Meets African Indigenous Religions: Conflict, Compromise, or Incorporation? 87 Naar M’fundisi-Holloway 6 Pentecostal Panopticism and the Phantasm of “The Ultimate Power” 101 Abimbola Adelakun vii viii CONTENTS 7 T he Pentecostal and Ecumenical Movements in the African Context 119 Ernst M. Conradie 8 P entecostalism, the Prosperity Gospel, and Poverty in Africa 137 Samson O. Ijaola 9 S oft Tongue, Powerful Voice, Huge Influence: The Dynamics of Gender, Soft Power, and Political Influence in Faith Evangelistic Ministries in Kenya 159 Damaris Seleina Parsitau 10 T he Role of Women, Theology, and Ecumenical Organizations in the Rise of Pentecostal Churches in Botswana 181 Fidelis Nkomazana 11 N either Jew nor Greek? Class, Ethnicity, and Race in the Pentecostal Movement in Africa 203 Asonzeh Ukah Part III Pentecostalism and/as Politics in Africa 221 12 Pentecostalism, Political Philosophy, and the Political in Africa 223 Adeshina Afolayan 13 P olitical Ramifications of Some Shifts in Nigeria’s Pentecostal Movement 245 Femi James Kolapo 14 Pentecostalism as an Alternative Social Order in Africa 277 Samuel Zalanga 15 Pentecostals, Conflict, and Peace in Africa 303 Olajumoke Yacob-Haliso and Rachael O. Iyanda 16 L eadership and Power in the Pentecostal Movement: Selected Case Studies 321 Afolarin Olutunde Ojewole and Efe Monday Ehioghae CONTENT S ix 17 African Pentecostalism and Modernity: Critical Reflections on Tensions and Social Concerns 343 Samuel Zalanga 18 Pentecostalism, Power, and Politics in Nigeria 371 Kelvin Onongha Part IV Conclusion 383 19 A frican Pentecostal Political Philosophy: New Directions in the Study of Pentecostalism and Politics 385 Nimi Wariboko Index 419