00-PearsonPhys-FM(SR) 7/24/08 1:14 PM Page i Authors James E. Ackroyd Barry L. S. McGuire Westwind School Division formerly Western Canada High School Cardston, Alberta Calgary Board of Education formerly J.T. Foster School Calgary, Alberta Livingstone Range School Division Cliff Sosnowski Nanton, Alberta Department Head of Science Mark Anderson Louis St. Laurent Catholic School Curriculum Leader Edmonton Catholic Schools Distributed Learning CBe-learn Online School Edmonton, Alberta Calgary Board of Education Mike Szojka Calgary, Alberta St. Francis Xavier High School Carmen Berg Edmonton Catholic Schools formerly John G. Diefenbaker High School Edmonton, Alberta Calgary Board of Education Elgin Wolfe Calgary, Alberta Professor Dr. Brian E. Martin Department of Curriculum, Teaching Professor of Physics and Astronomy and Learning The King’s University College OISE/University of Toronto Edmonton, Alberta Toronto, Ontario Senior Program Consultant Senior Technology Consultant Lionel Sandner Josef Martha Saanich School District Northern Gateway Public Schools Saanichton, British Columbia Onoway, Alberta formerly Lead Coordinator, Pan Canadian Science Project Program Consultants and Contributors Igor Nowikow Paul Williams Markham District High School Red Deer College York Region District School Board Red Deer, Alberta Markham, Ontario 00-PearsonPhys-FM(SR) 7/28/08 11:02 AM Page ii Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education Canada, Managing Editor a division of Pearson Canada Inc. Cecilia Chan All Rights Reserved. This publication is protected by Developmental Editors copyright, and permission should be obtained from Nancy Andraos the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, Lina Mockus storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any David Peebles form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo- Eileen Pyne-Rudzik, Ph.D. copying, recording, or likewise. For information Yvonne Van Ruskenveld regarding permission, write to the Permissions Department at Pearson Education Canada. Coordinating and Production Editors Anita Reynolds MacArthur The information and activities presented in this book Louise McCauley have been carefully edited and reviewed. However, the publisher shall not be liable for any damages Production Editor resulting, in whole or in part, from the reader’s use Ruth Peckover of this material. Indexer Brand names that appear in photographs of products May Look in this textbook are intended to provide students with a sense of the real-world applications of science and Editorial Assistants technology and are in no way intended to endorse Nicole Argyropoulos specific products. Nick Rudzik ISBN-13: 978-0-13-505048-4 Cover and Text Design ISBN-10: 0-13-505048-0 ArtPlus Ltd. Printed and bound in the United States Production Coordinators Gerda Hockridge Sandra Magill Suzanne Powell Photo Research 1 2 3 4 5 CC 12 11 10 09 08 Nancy Belle Cook Text Composition About the cover photo Debbie Kumpf Photo permission by Olivier Grunewald/Oxford ArtPlus Ltd. Scientific Films/First Light and Courtesy of EISCAT. The photo shows a radar receptor recording wave signals of Northern Lights at Research Base Publisher Eiscat, Tromso, Norway. This particular antenna Reid McAlpine is a 32-m dish, which is the transmitter part of one of EISCAT’s three big research radars. Two other Product Manager antennas similar to this one are in Sweden and Finland. Patti Henderson Research and Communications Manager Deborah Nelson Submission Consultant Trudy Rising 00-PearsonPhys-FM(SR) 7/24/08 1:14 PM Page iii AC K N O W L E D G E M E N T S The authors and Pearson Education Canada would like to thank AlbertaEducation for their guidance in the development of this book. Advisory Panel Kevin Engel Janet Rhine Herrem St. Joseph High School St. Martin de Porres High School Edmonton Catholic Schools Calgary Catholic School Division David Paraschuk Dean Rootsaert Bishop O’Byrne High School Archbishop Romero High School Calgary Catholic School Division Edmonton Catholic Schools Vladimir Pasek John Watson Archbishop O’Leary High School Strathcona High School Edmonton Catholic Schools Edmonton Public Schools Paul Williams Red Deer College Expert Reviewers Dr. Jason Carey Sandra Vidakovic´ Assistant Professor Department of Medical Physics Mechanical Engineering University of Alberta University of Alberta Ken Vos Kerry Kijewski Professor Mathematics and Physics Department of Physics SAIT Polytechnic University of Lethbridge Hans Laue Dr. Peter Wright Formerly Department of Physics Professor University of Calgary Department of Educational Psychology Faculty of Education Muraari Vasudevan University of Alberta Department of Physics University of Alberta Tony Yeung Associate Professor Chemical and Materials Engineering University of Alberta Aboriginal Content Consultants Steven Daniel Diane Ingraham, Ph.D. Coordinator, Mathematics, Scienceand Secondary School of Science and Technology Education Cape Breton University Education, Culture and Employment Dawn Wiseman Government of the Northwest Territories Creative Director Karen Decontie Mount Pleasant Educational Services Inc., Quebec Structural Engineer (formerlyNative Access to Engineering Program, Public Works and Government Services, Calgary Concordia University) iii 00-PearsonPhys-FM(SR) 7/24/08 1:14 PM Page iv Accuracy Reviewers Doug Algar Allen Linville Hay Lakes School W.P. Wagner School of Science and Technology Battle River School Division Edmonton Public Schools Glen Allen Janet Rhine Herrem Harry Collinge High School St. Martin de Porres High School Grande Yellowhead Regional Division Calgary Catholic School Division Dr. Zoltan Berkes Dion Skitsko Associate Professor of Physics Austin O’Brien High School Concordia University College of Alberta Edmonton Catholic Schools Werner Brozek Dwayne Wenaas Alberta Distance Learning Centre George McDougall High School Pembina Hills Regional Division Rockyview School Division Don Easton Greg P. Wondga Formerly Acadia University W.P. Wagner High School Edmonton Public Schools Jeff Goldie Strathcona High School Edmonton Public Schools Field-test Teachers Glen Allen Powell Jones Harry Collinge High School Ross Sheppard Senior High Grande Yellowhead Regional Division Edmonton Public Schools Ryan Baldry James Kriese Raymond High School St. Francis Xavier High School Westwind School Division Edmonton Catholic Schools Timothy Buttler Cathy MacAdam Parkview Adventist Academy Glenmary School Holy Family Catholic Regional Division Bryan Clintberg Archbishop O’Leary High School Craig Noad Edmonton Catholic Schools Magrath Junior/Senior High School Westwind School Division Susanne Czentye Bishop Grandin Senior High Barry Thimer Calgary Catholic School Division Sturgeon Composite High School Sturgeon School Division Anthony Green Austin O’Brien Senior High Edmonton Catholic Schools The authors and Pearson Education Canada would also like to thank all the students who participated in the field-test. iv 00-PearsonPhys-FM(SR) 7/24/08 1:14 PM Page v Teacher Reviewers Curtis Blair Iain Paton St. Albert Catholic High School Didsbury High School Greater St. Albert Catholic Regional Division Chinook’s Edge School Division Derek Collins Susan Ruzek St. Jerome’s School Strathmore High School East Central Alberta Catholic Separate Schools Golden Hills School Division Joan Coy Rachel Sailer Peace Academy of Virtual Education Prairie Christian Academy Peace Wapiti School Board Golden Hills School Division Matt Dyck Deana Senn J. A. Williams High School Grand Centre High School Northern Lights School Division Northern Lights School Division Don Easton Clayton Smiley Formerly Acadia University E. H. Walter School Buffalo Trail Public Schools Michael Enyedy William E. Hay Composite High School Duncan Smith Clearview School Division Bishop Grandin High School Calgary Catholic School Division Donald Jamieson Spruce Grove Composite High School Doug Stevens Parkland School Division Foothills Composite High School Foothills School Division Helen Krol Edmonton Christian School Robert van Thiel Edmonton Public Schools Father Patrick Mercredi Community High School Fort McMurray Catholic Board of Education Wayne Ladner Chinook Learning Services Natalie Veldhoen Calgary Board of Education Lord Beaverbrook High School Calgary Board of Education Kari Lagadyn École Secondaire Ste. Marguerite d’Youville Dwayne Wenaas Greater St. Albert Catholic Regional Division George McDougall High School Rocky View School Division Karen McMullen Christ The King School Blaine Woodall St. ThomasAquinas Catholic Schools School of Hope East Central Alberta Catholic Separate Schools Stephen Molesky École Notre Dame High School Erin Yeung Red Deer Catholic Regional Division formerly Henry Wise Wood High School Calgary Board of Education v 00-PearsonPhys-FM(SR) 7/24/08 1:14 PM Page vi CONTENTS PHYSICS 20 UNIT I: KINEMATICS 2 Chapter 1 Graphs and equations describe Chapter 2 Vector components describe motion in one dimension. 4 motion in two dimensions. 68 1-1 QuickLab: Match a Motion 5 2-1 QuickLab: Taking a One- dimensional Vector Walk 69 1.1 The Language of Motion 6 Minds On: How Do Objects Move? 6 2.1 Vector Methods in Skills Practice: Finding Position One Dimension 70 and Displacement 9 Skills Practice: Representing 1.1 Check and Reflect 10 a Vector 71 2.1 Check and Reflect 75 1.2 Position-time Graphs and Uniform Motion 11 2.2 Motion in Two Dimensions 76 1-2 Decision-Making Analysis: Skills Practice: Directions 78 Traffic Safety Is Everyone’s 2-2 QuickLab: Vector Walk 79 Business 12 Skills Practice: Distance, 1-3 Inquiry Lab: Car Activity 19 Displacement, and Position 82 1.2 Check and Reflect 20 Skills Practice: Using Components 85 1.3 Velocity-time Graphs: Uniform 2.2 Check and Reflect 90 and Non-uniform Motion 21 1-4 QuickLab: Match a Graph 23 2.3 Relative Motion 91 Then, Now, and Future: 2-3 QuickLab: Table Tennis in Biomechanics and the Role the Wind 92 of the Crash Test Dummy 29 2.3 Check and Reflect 101 1.3 Check and Reflect 30 2.4 Projectile Motion 102 1.4 Analyzing Velocity-time Graphs 31 2-4 QuickLab: Projectiles 103 1-5 Design a Lab: Tortoise 2-5 QuickLab: Which Lands or Hare? 33 First? 104 1.4 Check and Reflect 44 2.4 Check and Reflect 112 1.5 The Kinematics Equations 46 Chapter 2 Summary 113 1.5 Check and Reflect 53 Chapter 2 Review 114 1.6 Acceleration due to Gravity 54 Unit I Project 116 1-6 QuickLab: The Bigger Unit I Summary 117 They Are... 54 Unit I Review 118 1-7 Inquiry Lab: Determining the Magnitude of the Acceleration due to Gravity 55 1-8 QuickLab: Could You Be a Goalie for the NHL? 57 1.6 Check and Reflect 63 Chapter 1 Summary 64 Chapter 1 Review 65 vi Contents 00-PearsonPhys-FM(SR) 7/24/08 1:14 PM Page vii UNIT II: DYNAMICS 122 Chapter 3 Forces can change velocity. 124 Chapter 4 Gravity extends throughout 3-1 QuickLab: Accelerating the universe. 194 a Cart 125 4-1 QuickLab: Falling Coins 195 3.1 The Nature of Force 126 4.1 Gravitational Forces due 3-2 QuickLab: Measuring Force to Earth 196 Using a Spring Scale 128 4-2 QuickLab: Relating Mass 3.1 Check and Reflect 136 and Weight 198 4.1 Check and Reflect 202 3.2 Newton’s First Law 137 3-3 QuickLab: Challenges 4.2 Newton’s Law of Universal with Inertia 138 Gravitation 203 3-4 Decision-Making Analysis: Then, Now, and Future: Small The Airbag Debate 141 Steps Lead to New Models 214 3.2 Check and Reflect 142 4.2 Check and Reflect 215 3.3 Newton’s Second Law 143 4.3 Relating Gravitational 3-5 Inquiry Lab: Relating Field Strength to Acceleration and Net Force 144 Gravitational Force 216 3-6 Design a Lab: Relating 4-3 Design a Lab: Comparing Acceleration and Mass 147 Gravitational Field Strength 3.3 Check and Reflect 158 to Gravitational Acceleration 217 4-4 QuickLab: Water in 3.4 Newton’s Third Law 159 Free Fall 227 3-7 QuickLab: Exploding Carts 160 4.3 Check and Reflect 229 3-8 QuickLab: Skateboard Interactions 163 Chapter 4 Summary 230 Then, Now, and Future: Wallace Chapter 4 Review 231 Rupert Turnbull (1870-1954) 166 Unit II Project 232 3-9 Design a Lab: Motion of Unit II Summary 233 a Toy Rocket 167 Unit II Review 234 3.4 Check and Reflect 168 3.5 Friction Affects Motion 169 3-10 QuickLab: Friction Acting on a Loonie 170 3-11 Inquiry Lab: Relating Static Friction and the Normal Force 181 3-12 Design a Lab : Relating Kinetic Friction and the Normal Force 182 3.5 Check and Reflect 190 Chapter 3 Summary 191 Chapter 3 Review 192 Contents vii 00-PearsonPhys-FM(SR) 7/24/08 1:14 PM Page viii UNIT III: CIRCULAR MOTION, WORK, AND ENERGY 238 Chapter 5 Newton’s laws can explain Chapter 6 In an isolated system, energy is circular motion. 240 transferred from one object to 5-1 QuickLab: Characteristics another whenever work is done. 290 of Circular Motion 241 6-1 QuickLab: Energy Changes of a Roller Coaster 291 5.1 Defining Circular Motion 242 5-2 Inquiry Lab: Speed 6.1 Work and Energy 292 and Radius 245 Minds On: Energy of Impact 303 5.1 Check and Reflect 247 6.1 Check and Reflect 305 5.2 Circular Motion and 6.2 Mechanical Energy 306 Newton’s Laws 248 6.2 Check and Reflect 310 Minds On: Spinning Objects 6.3 Mechanical Energy in Isolated in Sports 248 and Non-isolated Systems 311 5-3 Inquiry Lab: Speed and Minds On: Energy and Centripetal Force 257 Earth’s Orbit 314 5.2 Check and Reflect 268 6-2 Inquiry Lab: Conservation 5.3 Satellites and Celestial Bodies of Mechanical Energy 317 in Circular Motion 269 Minds On: That’s the Way the 5-4 Design a Lab: Orbital Ball Bounces 320 Period and Radius 276 6-3 Design a Lab: The Energy Then, Now, and Future: Involved in a Collision 322 Extrasolar Planets 283 6.3 Check and Reflect 323 5-5 Decision-Making Analysis: 6.4 Work and Power 324 The Costs and Benefits of 6-4 Inquiry Lab: Measuring Putting a Satellite into Orbit 284 the Power Output of a Motor 326 5.3 Check and Reflect 286 Minds On: Power and Dance 329 Chapter 5 Summary 287 Then, Now, and Future: Fuel Chapter 5 Review 288 for the Future? 329 6-5 Problem-Solving Lab: Power and Gears 330 6.4 Check and Reflect 330 Chapter 6 Summary 331 Chapter 6 Review 332 Unit III Project 334 Unit III Summary 335 Unit III Review 336 viii Contents 00-PearsonPhys-FM(SR) 7/24/08 1:14 PM Page ix UNIT IV: OSCILLATORY MOTION AND MECHANICAL WAVES 340 Chapter 7 Oscillatory motion requires Chapter 8 Mechanical waves transmit a set of conditions. 342 energy in a variety of ways. 392 7-1 QuickLab: Oscillatory 8-1 QuickLab: Fundamental Motion of Toys 343 Properties of Wave Motion 393 7.1 Period and Frequency 344 8.1 The Properties of Waves 394 Minds On: Examples of 8-2 Inquiry Lab: Wave Trains Oscillatory Motion 345 in a Ripple Tank, Part 1: 7-2 Inquiry Lab: Relating Reflecting Waves 396 Period and Frequency 346 Minds On: Waves Can Have 7.1 Check and Reflect 347 Curls Too 399 8-3 Inquiry Lab: Wave Trains 7.2 Simple Harmonic Motion 348 in a Ripple Tank, Part 2: 7-3 QuickLab: Determining the Wave Speed and Wavelength 399 Stiffness of a Spring 348 8.1 Check and Reflect 400 7-4 Inquiry Lab: A Pendulum and Simple Harmonic Motion 363 8.2 Transverse and Longitudinal 7.2 Check and Reflect 365 Waves 401 8-4 Inquiry Lab: Pulses in 7.3 Position, Velocity, Acceleration, a Spring, Part 1: Pulses in and Time Relationships 366 an Elastic Medium 403 7.3 Check and Reflect 380 8-5 Inquiry Lab: Pulses in 7.4 Applications of Simple a Spring, Part 2: Speed, Harmonic Motion 381 Amplitude, and Length 405 7-5 QuickLab: Investigating Minds On: Wave Motion Mechanical Resonance 384 in Fluids 407 Then, Now, and Future: Minds On: Wavelength, Stressed-out Airplanes 386 Frequency, and Speed 410 7.4 Check and Reflect 388 8.2 Check and Reflect 410 Chapter 7 Summary 389 8.3 Superposition and Interference 411 Chapter 7 Review 390 8-6 Inquiry Lab: Interference of Waves 414 Minds On: Total Destruction? 416 8-7 Inquiry Lab: Measuring the Speed of Sound Using Closed-pipe Resonance 421 8-8 Design a Lab: Interference Patterns and In-phase Sound Sources 427 8.3 Check and Reflect 428 8.4 The Doppler Effect 429 Then, Now, and Future: Ultrasound 434 8.4 Check and Reflect 434 Chapter 8 Summary 435 Chapter 8 Review 436 Unit IV Project 438 Unit IV Summary 439 Unit IV Review 440 Contents ix