EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL GCSE (9 –1) CHEMISTRY E D Student Book E X C E L Jim Clark, Steve Owen, Rachel Yu I N T E R N A T I EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL GCSE (9 –1) O BIOLOGY N Student Book A Philip Bradfield and Steve Potter inecBluodoekd L Pearson Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Chemistry prepares students for the new G 2017 International GCSE (9–1) Chemistry specifi cation. This resource provides C BIOLOGY S comprehensive coverage of the new specifi cation. This book, which includes E access to the eBook, is designed to provide students with the best preparation Student Book ( 9 possible for the examination: ISBN: 9780435185084 – 1 ) C • Written by highly experienced International GCSE Chemistry teachers and H E authors M • Content is mapped to the specifi cation to provide comprehensive coverage IS T • Exam practice throughout, with differentiated revision exercises and R Y exam-style practice S • Signposted transferable skills tu d • Track progress with the Pearson Progression Scale e EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL GCSE (9 –1) n • Reviewed by a language specialist to ensure the book is written in a clear and PHYSICS t B EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL GCSE (9 –1) accessible style Student Book o Brian Arnold, Penny Johnson, Steve Woolley o • Glossary of key chemistry terminology inecBluodoekd k • Full answers included on the eBook • eBook included PHYSICS CHEMISTRY • Online Teacher Resource Pack also available, providing further planning, Student Book teaching, and assessment support ISBN: 9780435185275 For Pearson Edexcel International GCSE Chemistry specifi cation (4CH1) for fi rst teaching 2017 Student Book Jim Clark, Steve Owen, Rachel Yu www.pearsonglobalschools.com eBook included CVR_EDIC_SB_IGCSE_85169.indd 1-3 28/07/2017 11:49 EDEXCEL INTERNATIONAL GCSE (9 –1) CHEMISTRY Student Book Jim Clark Steve Owen Rachel Yu F01_EDIC_SB_IGCSE_85169_PRE_i-ix.indd 1 24/08/2017 15:31 Published by Pearson Education Limited, 80 Strand, London, WC2R 0RL. 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F01_EDIC_SB_IGCSE_85169_PRE_i-ix.indd 2 24/08/2017 15:31 CONTENTS iii COURSE STRUCTURE iv ABOUT THIS BOOK vi ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW viii UNIT 1: PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY 2 UNIT 2: INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 122 UNIT 3: PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 206 UNIT 4: ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 254 APPENDIX A: PERIODIC TABLE 320 APPENDIX B: COMMAND WORDS 321 APPENDIX C: A GUIDE TO PRACTICAL QUESTIONS 322 GLOSSARY 328 INDEX 336 F01_EDIC_SB_IGCSE_85169_PRE_i-ix.indd 3 24/08/2017 15:31 iv COURSE STRUCTURE UNIT 1 PRINCIPLES OF CHEMISTRY 1 STATES OF MATTER 03 2 ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS AND MIXTURES 14 3 ATOMIC STRUCTURE 24 4 THE PERIODIC TABLE 30 5 CHEMICAL FORMULAE, EQUATIONS AND CALCULATIONS PART 1 38 6 CHEMICAL FORMULAE, EQUATIONS AND CALCULATIONS PART 2 64 CHEMISTRY ONLY 7 IONIC BONDING 75 8 COVALENT BONDING 85 9 METALLIC BONDING 98 CHEMISTRY ONLY 10 ELECTROLYSIS 101 CHEMISTRY ONLY UNIT 2 INORGANIC CHEMISTRY 11 THE ALKALI METALS 123 12 THE HALOGENS 130 13 GASES IN THE ATMOSPHERE 137 14 REACTIVITY SERIES 145 15 EXTRACTION AND USES OF METALS 160 CHEMISTRY ONLY 16 ACIDS, ALKALIS AND TITRATIONS 167 17 ACIDS, BASES AND SALT PREPARATIONS 173 18 CHEMICAL TESTS 190 F01_EDIC_SB_IGCSE_85169_PRE_i-ix.indd 4 24/08/2017 15:31 COURSE STRUCTURE v UNIT 3 PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY 19 ENERGETICS 207 20 RATES OF REACTION 227 21 REVERSIBLE REACTIONS AND EQUILIBRIA 240 UNIT 4 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 22 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 255 23 CRUDE OIL 268 24 ALKANES 277 25 ALKENES 282 26 ALCOHOLS 287 CHEMISTRY ONLY 27 CARBOXYLIC ACIDS 293 CHEMISTRY ONLY 28 ESTERS 297 CHEMISTRY ONLY 29 SYNTHETIC POLYMERS 302 F01_EDIC_SB_IGCSE_85169_PRE_i-ix.indd 5 24/08/2017 15:31 vi PREFACE ABOUT THIS BOOK This book is written for students following the Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Chemistry specification and the Edexcel International GCSE (9–1) Science Double Award specification. You will need to study all of the content in this book for your Chemistry examination. However, you will only need to study some of it if you are taking the Double Award specification. The book clearly indicates which content is in the Chemistry examination and not in the Double Award specification. To complete the Double Award course you will also need to study the Physics and Biology parts of the course. In each unit of this book, there are concise explanations and worked examples, plus numerous exercises that will help you build up confidence. The book also describes the methods for carrying out all of the required practicals. The language throughout this textbook is graded for speakers of English as an additional language (EAL), with advanced Chemistry-specific terminology highlighted and defined in the glossary at the back of the book. A list of command words, also at the back of the book, will help you to learn the language you will need in your examinations. You will also find that questions in this book have Progression icons and Skills tags. The Progression icons refer to Pearson's Progression scale. This scale – from 1 to 12 – tells you what level you have reached in your learning and will help you to see what you need to do to progress to the next level. Furthermore, Edexcel have developed a Skills grid showing the skills you will practise throughout your time on the course. The skills in the grid have been matched to questions in this book to help you see which skills you are developing. Both Skills tags and Progression icons are not repeated where they are same in consecutive questions. You can find Pearson's Progression scale and Edexcel's Skills grid at www.pearsonglobalschools.com/igscienceprogression along with guidelines on how to use them. Chemistry Only features show the content that is on the Chemistry specification only and not the Double Award specification. All other content in this book applies to Double Award students. Learning Objectives show what you will learn in each chapter. Did you know? Interesting facts to encourage wider thought and understanding around course texts. Hint boxes give you tips on important points to remember in your examination. F01_EDIC_SB_IGCSE_85169_PRE_i-ix.indd 6 24/08/2017 15:31 PREFACE vii Looking Ahead tells you what you would learn if you continued your Key Points boxes study of Chemistry to summarise the a higher level, such as essentials. International A Level. Examples provide a clear, instructional framework. Extension boxes include content which is not on the specification and which you do not have to learn for your examination. However, it will help to extend your understanding of the Practicals describe the topic. methods for carrying out all of the practicals you will need to know for your examination. Transferable Skills are highlighted to show what skill you are using and where. Chapter Questions test your Progression icons show the level of Unit Questions test your knowledge knowledge of the topic in that difficulty according to the Pearson of the whole unit and provide chapter. International GCSE Science quick, effective feedback on your Progression Scale. progress. F01_EDIC_SB_IGCSE_85169_PRE_i-ix.indd 7 24/08/2017 15:31 viii PREFACE ASSESSMENT OVERVIEW The following tables give an overview of the assessment for this course. We recommend that you study this information closely to help ensure that you are fully prepared for this course and know exactly what to expect in the assessment. PAPER 1 SPECIFICATION PERCENTAGE MARK TIME AVAILABILITY Written examination paper Chemistry 61.1% 110 2 hours January and June examination series Paper code 4CH1/1C and Science Double 4SD0/1C Award First assessment June 2019 Externally set and assessed by Edexcel PAPER 2 SPECIFICATION PERCENTAGE MARK TIME AVAILABILITY Written examination paper Chemistry 38.9% 70 1 hour 15 mins January and June examination series Paper code 4CH1/2C First assessment June 2019 Externally set and assessed by Edexcel If you are studying Chemistry then you will take both Papers 1 and 2. If you are studying Science Double Award then you will only need to take Paper 1 (along with Paper 1 for each of the Physics and Biology courses). ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES AND WEIGHTINGS ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVE DESCRIPTION % IN INTERNATIONAL GCSE Knowledge and understanding of AO1 38%–42% chemistry AO2 Application of knowledge and 38%–42% understanding, analysis and evaluation of chemistry AO3 Experimental skills, analysis and 19%–21% evaluation of data and methods in chemistry F01_EDIC_SB_IGCSE_85169_PRE_i-ix.indd 8 24/08/2017 15:31 PREFACE ix EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS In the assessment of experimental skills, students may be tested on their ability to: • solve problems set in a practical context • apply scientific knowledge and understanding in questions with a practical context • devise and plan investigations, using scientific knowledge and understanding when selecting appropriate techniques • demonstrate or describe appropriate experimental and investigative methods, including safe and skilful practical techniques • make observations and measurements with appropriate precision, record these methodically and present them in appropriate ways • identify independent, dependent and control variables • use scientific knowledge and understanding to analyse and interpret data to draw conclusions from experimental activities that are consistent with the evidence • communicate the findings from experimental activities, using appropriate technical language, relevant calculations and graphs • assess the reliability of an experimental activity • evaluate data and methods, taking into account factors that affect accuracy and validity. CALCULATORS Students are permitted to take a suitable calculator into the examinations. Calculators with QWERTY keyboards or that can retrieve text or formulae will not be permitted. F01_EDIC_SB_IGCSE_85169_PRE_i-ix.indd 9 24/08/2017 15:31