United States A Century and a Half of Department of Agriculture Research on the Stable Agricultural Research Service Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans ARS-173 (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), July 2012 1862-2011: An Annotated Bibliography United States A Century and a Half of Department of Agriculture Research on the Stable Fly, Agricultural Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) Research Service (Diptera: Muscidae), 1862-2011: ARS-173 An Annotated Bibliography July 2012 K.M. Kneeland, S.R. Skoda, J.A. Hogsette, A.Y. Li, J. Molina-Ochoa, K.H. Lohmeyer, and J.E. Foster _____________________________ Kneeland, Molina-Ochoa, and Foster are with the Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE. Molina-Ochoa also is the Head of Research and Development, Nutrilite SRL de CV, El Petacal, Jalisco, Mexico. Skoda is with the Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory (KBUSLIRL), Screwworm Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Kerrville, TX. Hogsette is with the Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Gainesville, FL. Li and Lohmeyer are with KBUSLIRL, Tick and Biting Fly Research Unit, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Kerrville, TX. Abstract • sustain a competitive agricultural economy; • enhance the natural resource base and the Kneeland, K.M., S.R. Skoda, J.A. Hogsette, environment; and A.Y. Li, J. Molina-Ochoa, K.H. Lohmeyer, • provide economic opportunities for rural and J.E. Foster. 2012. A Century and a Half of citizens, communities, and society as a Research on the Stable Fly, Stomoxys whole. calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), 1862- 2011: An Annotated Bibliography. ARS-173. Mention of trade names or commercial U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural products in this report is solely for the purpose Research Service, Washington, DC. of providing specific information and does not imply recommendation or endorsement by the The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is a U.S. Department of Agriculture. cosmopolitan pest of livestock, wild animals, pets and humans. It is a primary pest of cattle Copies of this publication may be purchased in in the United States, estimated to cause more various formats (microfiche, photocopy, CD, than $1 billion in economic losses annually. It print on demand) from the National Technical also causes dissention at the rural-urban Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, interface and is a problem in recreation areas Springfield, VA 22161, (800) 553-6847, such as Florida beaches and the Great Lakes. www.ntis.gov. Due to its pestiferous nature and painful bite, methods to control stable flies have been This publication is freely accessible at investigated for over a century. A large http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/np/indexpubs.html amount of research has been reported on stable fly biology, ecology, genetics, physiology, and vector competence. For this bibliography, The U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) literature has been gathered from journals and prohibits discrimination in all its programs and other resources available to the authors, and a activities on the basis of race, color, national selected number of articles have been origin, age, disability, and where applicable, annotated. This bibliography represents an sex, marital status, familial status, parental update of literature published since 1980; status, religion, sexual orientation, genetic literature from pre-1980 was included if copy information, political beliefs, reprisal, or could be ascertained. because all or part of an individual’s income is derived from any public assistance program. Keywords: ectoparasites, biting flies, (Not all prohibited bases apply to all livestock parasites, livestock pests, parasite programs.) Persons with disabilities who transmission, pest management, veterinary require alternative means for communication entomology. of program information (Braille, large print, audiotape, etc.) should contact USDA’s ARS Mission TARGET Center at (202) 720-2600 (voice and TDD). To file a complaint of discrimination, The Agricultural Research Service conducts write to USDA, Director, Office of Civil research to develop and transfer solutions to Rights, 1400 Independence Avenue, SW, agricultural problems of high national priority Washington, D.C. 20250-9410, or call (800) and provides information access and 795-3272 (voice) or (202) 720-6382 (TDD). dissemination to— USDA is an equal opportunity provider and employer. • ensure high-quality, safe food and other agricultural products; • assess the nutritional needs of Americans; July 2012 Introduction The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans, is a cosmopolitan pest of livestock, wild animals, pets and humans. It is a primary pest of cattle in the United States, estimated to cause more than $1 billion in economic losses annually. It also causes dissention at the rural-urban interface and is a problem in recreation areas such as Florida beaches and the Great Lakes. Due to its pestiferous nature and painful bite, methods to control stable flies have been investigated for over a century. A large amount of research has been reported on stable fly biology, ecology, genetics, physiology, and vector competence. For this bibliography, literature has been gathered from journals and other resources available to the authors, and a selected number of articles have been annotated. This bibliography represents an update of literature published since 1980; literature from pre-1980 was included if copy could be ascertained. For additional listings of stable fly literature, see also the following two bibliographies: Rasmussen, R.L., and J.B. Campbell. 1978. Bibliography of the Stable Fly Stomoxys calcitrans (L). Report No. 8, June 1979. Agricultural Experi- ment Station, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 47 pp. Morgan, C.E., G.D. Thomas, and R.D. Hall. 1983. Annotated Biblio- graphy of the Stable Fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), Including References on Other Species Belonging to the Genus Stomoxys. North Central Regional Research Publication No. 291. University of Missouri Agricultural Experiment Station Research Bulletin 1049, Columbia, MO. References A Abasa, R. O. 1983. Effects of temperature, relative humidity, lipid and water content on post-oviposition development of eggs of Stomoxys calcitrans. Entomol. Exp. & Appl. 33: 259-262. Abbink, J. 1991. The biochemistry of imidacloprid. Pflanzenschutz-Nachrichten Bayer 42: 183-195. Adams, J. R., and A. J. Forgash. 1966. The location of the contact chemoreceptors of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 59: 135-141. Adams, J. R., P. E. Holbert, and A. J. Forgash. 1965. Electron microscopy of the contact chemoreceptors of the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 58: 909-917. Aders, W. M. 1917. Insects injurious to man and stock in Zanzibar. Bull. Entomol. Res. 7: 391-401. Adkins, T. R., W. G. Ezell, Jr., D. C. Sheppard, and M. M. Askey, Jr. 1972. A modified canopy trap for collecting Tabanidae (Diptera). J. Med. Entomol. 9: 183-185. Agee, H. R., and R. S. Patterson. 1983. Spectral sensitivity of stable, face, and horn flies and behavioral responses of stable flies to visual traps (Diptera: Muscidae). Environ. Entomol. 12: 1823-1828. Aguiar-Valgode, M., and E. M. V. Milwared-de-Azevedo. 1992. Determination of thermal requirements of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera, Muscidae), under laboratory conditions. Mem. Institute Oswaldo Cruz 87: Supp. 1: 11-20. (In Portugese). The development of eggs, larvae and pupae of Stomoxys calcitrans was studied at 20. 25, 30 amd 35°C. Duration of each stage decreased with increased temperature. The best temperature for development was 25°C, and 35°C proved harmful to larval development. Ajidagba, P., C. W. Pitts, and D. E. Bay. 1983. Early embryogenesis in the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 76: 616-623. 1 Ajidagba, P. A., D. E. Bay, and C. W. Pitts. 1985. Morphogenesis of the external features of the first-stage larva of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae). J. Kans. Entomol. Soc. 58: 569-577. Allan, S. A., J. F. Day, and J. D. Edman. 1987. Visual ecology of biting flies. Ann. Rev. Entomol. 32: 297-316. Alzogaray, R. A., and D. A. Carlson. 2000. Evaluation of Stomoxys calcitrans (Diptera: Muscidae) behavioral response to human and related odors in a triple cage olfactometer with insect traps. J. Med. Entomol. 37: 308-315. Behavioral responses of stable flies to chemostimulants were categorized into 4 steps: activation, orientation, attraction and probing. The main stimuli included human breath, a human hand, and CO . The highest 2 response occurred when there was no air flow to disperse the odor. CO 2 induced activation but not probing. Ameri, M., X. Wang, M. J. Wilkerson, M. R. Kanost, and A. B. Broce. 2008. An immunoglobulin binding protein (Antigen 5) of the stable fly (Diptera: Muscidae) salivary gland stimulates bovine immune responses. J. Med. Entomol. 45: 94-101. A stable fly salivary gland protein, a homolog of insect antigen 5, was tested to determine whether the protein suppressed bovine lymphocyte production, to determine specificity of the protein, and to test whether calves immunized with Ag5 would produce antibodies and memory lymphocytes. A recombinant form of the protein was used in the study, as well as the natural form. Amor, T. B., and G. Jori. 2000. Sunlight-activated insecticides: historical background and mechanisms of phototoxic activity. Insect Biochem. Mol. Biol. 30: 915-925. Anderson, J. F., and W. H. Frost. 1912. Transmission of poliomyelitis by means of the stable fly (Stomoxys calcitrans). Public Health Rep. 27: 3-5. Transmission of poliomyelitis by stable flies was tested using monkeys. Two monkeys were inoculated with the virus, and then exposed to several hundred stable flies. The flies were then allowed to bite healthy monkeys. The healthy monkeys that were bitten by the flies which had fed on the inoculated monkeys soon also acquired the disease. It was concluded that poliomyelitis could be transmitted by the bite of stable flies. Anderson, J. F., and W. H. Frost. 1913. Poliomyelitis. Further attempts to transmit the disease through the agency of the stable fly Stomoxys calcitrans. Public Health Rep. 28: 833-837. 2 Anderson, J. R. 1964. Methods for distinguishing nulliparous from parous flies and for estimating the age of Fannia canicularis and some other Cyclorraphous diptera. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Am. 57: 226-236. Anderson, J. R. 1966. Recent developments in the control of some arthropods of public health and veterinary importance: Muscoid flies. Bull. Entomol. Soc. Am. 12: 342-348. Anderson, J. R. 1974. Symposium on reproduction of arthropods of medical and veterinary importance. II. Meeting of the sexes. J. Med. Entomol. 11: 7- 19. Anderson, J. R. 1978. Mating behavior of Stomoxys calcitrans: effects of a blood meal on the mating drive of males and its necessity as a prerequisite for proper insemination of females. J. Econ. Entomol. 71: 379-386. This research describes the mating behavior of Stomoxys calcitrans, comparing blood-fed (BF) and non-blood-fed (NBF) males with receptive and non-receptive females. It tests the virility and mating aggressiveness of BF vs. NBF males, as well as the ability of each test group to inseminate the receptive females. It was reported that only 6.31% of the NBF males were able to inseminate the receptive females, and it was a partial insemination. BF males were able to fully inseminate all the females within 12-24 hours. Reportedly, a blood meal causes the cells to enlarge around the ejaculatory duct, resulting in the accessory glands producing enough seminal fluid to transfer the sperm. However, after inseminating 2 or 3 females, the males lose their mating drive. Dissection of the accessory glands showed that the seminal fluid was depleted. It was concluded that male Stomoxys calcitrans need a blood meal before they can properly inseminate a female. Anderson, J. R., and J. H. Poorbaugh. 1964. Observations on the ethology and ecology of various Diptera associated with northern California poultry ranches. J. Med. Entomol. 1: 131-147. Anderson, J. R., and C. H. Tempelis. 1970. Precipitin test identification of blood meals of Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) caught on California poultry ranches, and observations of digestion rates of bovine and citrated human blood. J. Med. Entomol. 7: 223-229. Andress, E. R., and J. B. Campbell. 1994. Inundative releases of pteromalid parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae) for the control of stable flies, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae) at confined cattle installations in West Central Nebraska. J. Econ. Entomol. 87: 714-722. 3 Anon. 1911. The domestic flies. Brit. Med. J. 2: 449-450. Anon. 1915. Flies in France and Gallipoli. Brit. Med. J. 2: 184-185. Anon. 1917. Mosquitoes and flies in the epidemiology of acute poliomyelitis. Brit. Med. J. 2: 429-430. The experiments of Rosenau and Brues, which exposed flies to monkeys infected with poliomyelitis and subsequently allowed them to bite healthly monkeys, was cited, as well as experiments conducted by Frost. It was concluded that the transmission of poliomyelitis by flies was mechanical only, that flies were not biological vectors. Anon. 2002. Guide to pest surveillance during contingency operations. Armed Forces Pest Management Board Technical Guide No. 43. Defense Pest Management Information Analysis Center, Washington, DC. Anon. 2009. Personal protective measures against insects and other arthropods of military significance. Armed Forces Pest Management Board Technical Guide No. 36. Anthony, C. 2005. Control of stable flies and house flies. Cooperative Extension Service Publ. 2045, College of Agriculture & Biological Sciences, South Dakota State Univ., USDA. Reviews the economic importance of controlling stable flies and house flies on cattle. Describes the feeding habits, life cycle and breeding habits of the flies in South Dakota, as well as control methods. Suggests IPM as the most effective method of control. Antonelli, A. L., and C. Ramsay. 2004. Livestock pest study guide. WSU Extension Misc. Pub. 0052. Anziani, O. S., A. A. Guglielmore, and M. M. Volpogni. 1995. Distribución estacinal de Stomoxys calcitrans en un rodeo lechero da la provincial de Santa Fé. Argent. Rev. Med. Vet. 75: 330-332. (In Spanish). Apperson, C. S., and R. C. Axtell. 1981. Arthropods associated with shoreline deposits of Eurasian Watermilfoil in the Currituck Sound, North Carolina. J. Georgia Entomol. Soc. 16: 53-59. Appleby, J. E., and F. W. Fisk. 1959. Stable fly rearing. Proceedings in North Central Branch. Entomol. Soc. Am. 14: 41-42. 4