SCIENCE & RESEARCH SERIES NO.68 EDMOND'S RUINS, KERIKERI INLET, BAY OF ISLANDS: THE STONE STRUCTURE AND THE ARTEFACT ASSEMBLAGE SCIENCE & RESEARCH SERIES NO.68 EDMONDS RUINS, KERIKERI INLET, BAY OF ISLANDS: THE STONE STRUCTURES AND THE ARTEFACT ASSEMBLAGE by Aidan J. Challis Published by Head Office, Department of Conservation, P 0 Box 10-420, Wellington, New Zealand (cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9) CONTENTS ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 2. HISTORY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 3. STRUCTURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 4. ARTEFACTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 6. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 7. REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26 APPENDIX 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Catalogue of Artefacts 1. PRE-EUROPEAN MAORI ARTEFACTS . . . . . . ..... . . . . . ... . . . . ... . . . .. 30 2. TOOLS AND OUTDOOR EQUIPMENT . . . . . ...... . . . . ... . . . . . ... . . . .. 30 2.1 Hand tools 30 2.2 Horse gear 30 2.3 Farm machinery 32 2.4 Firearm accoutrements 32 2.5 Fishing weights 36 3. WAX VESTA TIN MATCHBOXES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4. COINAGE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 5. CLOTHING AND FOOTWEAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38 5.1 Buttons 38 5.2 Clothing attachments 40 5.3 Footwear 40 6. WRITING EQUIPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.1 Writing slate 42 6.2 Pencils 42 7. HOUSEHOLD CHATTELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .42 7.1 Furniture fittings 42 7.2 Iron bedstead 44 7.3 Cutlery and kitchen equipment 44 7.4 Iron pots 48 7.5 Kerosene lamps 48 (cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9) 8. FIREGRATES AND RANGES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .52 8.1 Smith and Wellstood portable kitchen range 52 8.2 Fireplace hardware 52 8.3 Door frame to bread oven 54 9. CONSTRUCTIONAL HARDWARE AND FIXINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54 9.1 Door furniture 54 9.2 Iron and steel nails and spikes 58 9.3 Copper nails 62 9.4 Miscellaneous fixings and scrap 62 9.5 Unidentified iron artefacts 64 9.6 Bricks 64 10. GLASSWARE . . . . . ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . ... . . . . .... 64 10.1 Black glass bottles 64 10.2 Green glass bottles 68 10.3 Blue glass bottles 68 10.4 Aqua or clear glass bottles 68 10.5 Brown glass bottles 70 10.6 Household glassware 72 10.7 Window glass 72 11. CLAY PIPES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 12. CERAMICS . . ..... . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . ...... . . . ... . . . . ... . . . .74 12.1 Plain white glazed semi-porcelain 74 12.2 Plain coloured earthenware 74 12.3 Hair lining and edge banding on earthenware 78 12.4 Transfer printed earthenware 80 12.5 Ceramic marble 86 12.6 Hand painting on white earthenware 86 12.7 Single colour banding on white earthenware 86 12.8 Polychrome banding on earthenware bowls 86 12.9 Embossed earthenware 88 12.10 Terracotta 88 12.11 Stoneware 88 APPENDIX 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 List of Illustrations and Tables EDMONDS RUINS, KERIKERI INLET, BAY OF ISLANDS: THE STONE STRUCTURES AND THE ARTEFACT ASSEMBLAGE by Aidan J. Challis Science & Research Division, Department of Conservation P.O. Box 10-420, Wellington, New Zealand ABSTRACT Edmonds Ruins are the remains of a mortared stone house with outbuild- ings, located towards the northern end of an associated series of rectilinear paddocks enclosed by dry stone walls. The house was built after 1840 and before 1858, and was the home of Mr John Edmonds and family. The enclosure walls were built in the same period. The house, already showing signs of disrepair, was destroyed by fire in 1885 or 1886. The outbuilding known as the annexe was still occupied in the 1890s. Inspection of the ruins of the house and annexe suggests three main phases of construction. Artefacts recovered in 1983 during masonry repair work and afterwards with the use of metal detectors, and in 1992-93 from holes dug for a fence and survey marks, are described and illustrated. They suggest that Mr Edmonds established a varied and broadly profitable livelihood based on produce from mixed farming and the sale of bread, kauri gum, and sawn and dressed basalt. The site merits careful protective management and further archaeological research. 1. INTRODUCTION The remains of a stone house and outbuildings, known as Edmonds Ruins (site number P5/9), lie in a 2.5 hectare historic reserve, 250 m from Edmonds Road on the south side of the Kerikeri Inlet, Bay of Islands. (For general location see Figure 1.) The historic reserve is managed by the Historic Places Trust (Challis 1987). The buildings are associated with an extensive series of rectilinear paddocks and yards enclosed by dry stone walls (see Figures 2, 5, and 6). There has been considerable research interest in the site and in the history of the Edmonds family over the past 25 years, but little has been published. Referenced historical notes are held by the Historic Places Trust (Burnett 1972; Ross n.d.; and other material in the Sir Alister McIntosh Memorial Library). The house site lies 20 m above sea level on the highest area of a low ridge trending north-west to south-east. The ridge is a late Quaternary vesiculated basalt lava field with a great deal of surface stone, some of which has been cleared in the construction of the buildings and the enclosure walls. Access to tidewater would have been overland to the north-west. The stone foundations of a boathouse and the remains of a lime-burning kiln 1 (cid:9)(cid:9)(cid:9) Figure 1 Maps locating Edmonds Ruins and other places in the Bay of Islands mentioned in the text. a. North Island, New Zealand, showing location of map b. b. Bay of Islands area, showing the location of map c. c. Kerikeri Inlet, showing the location of Edmonds Ruins. (site number P5/512) survive adjacent to the Kerikeri Inlet 750 m distant (marked on Fairburn 1871; see also Figure 1). The main house ruins stand to an average wall height of 2 m (see Figures 3, 9, and 10). Immediately to the west of them are the remains of an outbuilding known as the annexe (see Figures 8 and 12). Other stone structures, perhaps the remains of a shed, garden edging and an approach track, exist on the western side, and immediately to the east are other alignments of stone kerbing which probably defined gardens. In a swampy freshwater hollow to the west is a stone-lined well. (For these and other details, see Figure 2.) Also in the vicinity of the ruins are remnants of orchard and garden plantings (e.g., citrus, stone fruit, fig, gladioli, lilies and roses). 2 (cid:9) Figure 2 Plan of the Edmonds Ruins area. (For "sheep pen", "burial ground", "stockyard" and the well, compare Figure 6.) 3 (cid:9) 2. HISTORY Mr John Edmonds (1801-1865), stone mason, arrived in the Bay of Islands from England with his wife and five sons in 1834 to work for the Church Missionary Society. There was little need for his skills. The construction of the Stone Store in Kerikeri was almost finished. Eventually in 1839 Mr Edmonds was paid off. (For details, see Burnett 1972; Ross n.d.; Easdale 1991: 78, 132-133, 140.) The circumstances of the family were severe: "... with a large family of seven children and Mrs Edmonds near close to confinement ... I have been ill with a pain in my chest for two months now I [sic] am not able to go to work yet . . ." (Edmonds 1839). "I consider my case very hard, to be sent out here and to be so indifferently received" (Edmonds 1841a). The family of Mr Edmonds grew to 11 children, with two more by a second marriage (Rees 1874). In a letter to the Secretary of the Church Missionary Society in London in 1839, Mr Edmonds wrote: ". . . I have bought a piece of land ... I am about to build a cottage on the land and that will expend all I have to retire upon. I am going to turn my attention to agriculture ... on the banks of the river on the way to Kerikeri . . ." (Edmonds 1839). In 1838, five areas had been purchased, four of them directly from Maori owners (Edmonds 1841b). The site of Edmonds Ruins lies in Deed No. 4 (Inspector of Surveys, Auckland, 1871b). As a stonemason, Mr Edmonds may have been attracted by the easy availability of basalt on the land. The family lived in uninterrupted possession of the property from 1840 for approaching twenty years (Edmonds 1840; 1857). (Aidan Challis) Figure 3 Edmonds Ruins, east front, 1992. 4 (cid:9) The date when building of the stone house commenced cannot be established precisely. In December 1841, in giving account of his land claim, Mr Edmonds stated: "I have expended on the land described in Deed No. 4 in Building Fencing, Cultivating etc. about £ 500" (Edmonds 1841b). The scale of the expenditure suggests the building of a substantial house. However, the stone house may not have been the first dwelling site on the property. Correspondence earlier in the same year (Edmonds 1841a) was sent from "Paetae", "a native fishing place" (see Figure 1c). Paetai is marked on a plan of the coastline of the land claim dated 1857 (Fairburn 1857). The same location was mapped again in 1871 as Paengatai, showing stone walls enclosing an area marked "was orchard" (Fairburn 1871). Neither survey shows a building at Paetai. Perhaps Mr Edmonds had established himself temporarily near the riverbank at Paetai by 1841. Perhaps he had a small pre-cut timber dwelling there, described as "a House value £40. It was imported from Hobart Town" (Edmonds 1841b). It is concluded that the construction of the stone house on the inland Edmonds Ruins site was the main building operation, and that this may have commenced any time from 1840 onwards. Evidence suggests that building of the stone house and the associated enclosure walls was completed by 1858. The earliest survey plan showing the house is dated 1860 (Clarke 1860; see Figure 5). This survey was commissioned following a government decision that a township should be established on the Edmonds claim. A letter exists naming Mr Clarke as the surveyor and requesting payment for work done (Mould 1860). The survey plan shows a farmlet of a dozen paddocks and yards enclosed by stone walls. A house is clearly highlighted as a rectangular building with its western Reproduced with the permission of the New Zealand Historic Places Trust. Figure 4 Edmonds Ruins from the north east, 1964 (R.I.M. Burnett; Historic Places Trust photograph collection No. 1381). 5 (cid:9) Reproduced with the permission of the Department of Survey and Land Information. Figure 5 Plan of Kerikeri Township Suburban Allotments (Clarke 1860). Part of SO 949L. 6