pax technica YY66665588..iinnddbb ii 22//22//1155 1111::1155::1188 AAMM YY66665588..iinnddbb iiii 22//22//1155 1111::1155::1188 AAMM philip n. howard pax technica how the internet of things may set us free or lock us up new haven & london YY66665588..iinnddbb iiiiii 22//22//1155 1111::1155::1188 AAMM Published with assistance from the Mary Cady Tew Memorial Fund. Copyright © 2015 by Philip N. Howard. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. An online version of the work is made available under a Creative Commons license for use that is noncommercial and not derivative. The terms of the license are set forth at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. For more information about a digital copy of the work, please see the author’s website: http://philhoward.org/. Yale University Press books may be purchased in quantity for educational, business, or promotional use. For information, please e-mail sales.press@yale .edu (U.S. offi ce) or [email protected] (U.K. offi ce). Set in Joanna type by Newgen North America, Austin, Texas. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN 978-0-300-19947-5 (cloth : alk. paper) Catalogue records for this book are available from the Library of Congress and the British Library. This paper meets the requirements of ansi/niso z39.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 YY66665588..iinnddbb iivv 22//22//1155 1111::1155::1199 AAMM For Gina Neff, who makes things possible and worthwhile. YY66665588..iinnddbb vv 22//22//1155 1111::1155::1199 AAMM This page intentionally left blank contents Preface xi Introduction xix 1. Empire of Connected Things 1 Carna Surveils the Realm, 2 What’s in a Pax? 4 The Demographics of Diffusion, 8 Information Technology and the New World Order, 11 Pax Romana, Britannica, Americana, 14 The Balaceras of Monterrey, 17 The Internet Is Also a Surveillance State, 22 The Wars Only Bots Will Fight, 27 The Political Empire of Connected Things, 33 2. Internet Interregnum 37 Discovering the UglyGorilla, 38 Devices of Hope, 42 The Demographics of Diffusion, 44 The Zapatistas Reboot History, 47 From Gold to Bits, 53 States Don’t Own It, Though They Fight Hard to Control It, 56 vii YY66665588..iinnddbb vviiii 22//22//1155 1111::1155::1199 AAMM contents A New Kind of New Order, 59 But It’s Not a Westphalian—or Feudal—World, 62 3. New Maps for the New World 67 Mapping Hispaniola, 68 Dictators and Dirty Networks, 71 Mubarak’s Choice, 73 We Are All Laila, 75 Governments, Bad and Fake, 79 The Dictator’s Digital Dilemma, 84 Finding Kibera, 88 Dirty Networks, Collapsing, 91 The Democracy of Devices, 99 4. Five Premises for the Pax Technica 107 Learning from the Internet Interregnum, 108 First Premise: The Internet of Things Is Being Weaponized, 112 Second Premise: People Use Devices to Govern, 119 Third Premise: Digital Networks Weaken Ideologies, 123 Fourth Premise: Social Media Solve Collective Action Problems, 136 Fifth Premise: Big Data Backs Human Security, 139 Defi ning the Pax Technica, 145 5. Five Consequences of the Pax Technica 148 Empire of Bits—A Scenario, 149 First Consequence: Networked Devices and the Stability of Cyberdeterrence, 153 Second Consequence: Governance Through the Internet of Things, 157 Third Consequence: From a Clash of Civilizations to a Competition Between Device Networks, 162 viii YY66665588..iinnddbb vviiiiii 22//22//1155 1111::1155::1199 AAMM contents Fourth Consequence: Connective Action and Crypto Clans, 168 Fifth Consequence: Connective Security and Quality of Life, 175 The Downside of Connective Security, 179 6. Network Competition and the Challenges Ahead 183 My Girlfriend Went Shopping . . . in China, 184 Authoritarian, but Social, 196 Bots and Simulations, 202 DRM for the Material World? 211 Other Challenges (That Are Lesser Challenges), 214 The Downside of Up, 218 Rival Devices on Competing Networks, 220 7. Building a Democracy of Our Own Devices 224 Your Coffee Betrays You, 225 Internet Succession: Computers, Mobiles, Things, 229 The World Ahead, 232 The Hope and Instability of Hackers and Whistle Blowers, 235 Firing the Social Scientists—and Training New Ones, 240 Putting the Civic into the Internet of Things, Domestically, 242 Device Networks and Foreign Affairs, 249 How Can You Thrive in the Pax Technica? 254 The Promise of the Pax, 255 Notes 259 Glossary 295 Acknowledgments 299 Index 303 ix YY66665588..iinnddbb iixx 22//22//1155 1111::1155::1199 AAMM