PAUL the APOSTLE*?/ JESUS CHRIST PAUL the APOSTLE JESUS CHRIST His life and Works, His Epistles and Teachings Two VOLUMES IN ONE F. C. B A UR ffc 1HENDRICKSON Paul the Apostle of Jesus Christ: His Life and Works, His Epistles and Teachings By F. C. Baur Hendrickson Publishers, Inc. PO. Box 3473 Peabody, Massachusetts 01961-3473 ISBN 1-56563-899-9 Reprinted in one volume from the original two-volume English edition: Baur, Ferdinand Christian. Paul, the Apostle of Jesus Christ: His Life and Works, His Epistles and Teachings; A Contribution to a Critical History of Primitive Christianity. 2 vols. London: Williams & Norgate, 1873-1875. Translated from the original German edition published in 1845. Printed in the United States of America. First Printing—November 2003 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Baur, Ferdinand Christian, 1792-1860. Paul the Apostle of Jesus Christ: his life and works, his epistles and teachings / F. C. Baur ; [translated from the original German], p. cm. Originally published: London: Williams and Norgate, 1873. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1-56563-899-9 1. Paul, the Apostle, Saint. 2. Bible. N.T. Epistles of Paul- Criticism, interpretation, etc. I. Title. BS2506.3.B38 2003 225.9'2—dc22 [B] 2003056761 TRANSLATOR'S PREFACE. THE object of the Committee of the Theological Transla­ tion Fund is to place within the reach of English readers who are not conversant with the languages of the Conti­ nent, the best results of recent Continental theological inves­ tigations. In accordance with this object, the Translator of the present volume has endeavoured to give the meaning of the Author clearly and concisely, and has avoided the temptation of making smooth sentences and rounded periods. The Translator is perfectly aware that the English is by no means a model of diction or of style, but challenges criticism as to the faithfulness of the translation—and as criticism, like punishment, is useless unless remedial, hopes to profit "in the second volume by the criticism on the first. If the book can be readily understood by those for whom it is intended, its aim will be attained. A. P. September 27th, 1873. TABLE OF CONTENTS VOLUME I. FIRST PART. The Life and Works of the Apostle Paul, Introduction . .. 1 CHAPTER I. The Church at Jerusalem before the Apostle's Conversion (Acts 3,5) 15 CHAPTER II. Stephen, the Predecessor of the Apostle Paul (Acts 6, 7) . . 43 CHAPTER III. The Conversion of the Apostle Paul (Acts 9,22,26) . 63 CHAPTER IV The First Missionary Journey of the Apostle (Acts 13,14) . . 93 CHAPTER V The Transactions between the Apostle Paul and the Elder Apostles at Jerusalem (Acts 15, Galatians 2) 109 CHAPTER VI. The Second Missionary Journey of the Apostle (Acts 16) . . 152 CHAPTER VII. The Apostle in Athens, Corinth, Ephesus—His Journey to Jerusalem by Miletus (Acts 18-20) 175 viii CONTENTS. CHAPTER VIII. The Arrest of the Apostle in Jerusalem (Acts 21) . . . 204 CHAPTER IX. The Apostle in Rome—His Imprisonment and Martyrdom . 226 SECOND PART. The Epistles of the Apostle Paul, Introduction . . .. 255 FIRST CLASS OF PAULINE EPISTLES. CHAPTER I. The Epistle to the Galatians 260 CHAPTER II. The Two Epistles to the Corinthians 268 CHAPTER III. The Epistle to the Romans 321 VOLUME II. SECOND CLASS OF PAULINE EPISTLES. CHAPTER IV The Epistles to the Ephesians and Colossians . . .. 1 CHAPTER V The Epistle to the Philippians 45 CHAPTER VI. The Epistle to Philemon 80 CHAPTER VII. The Epistles to the Thessalonians 85 CONTENTS. ix THIRD CLASS OF PAULINE EPISTLES. CHAPTER VIII. The Pastoral Epistles 98 CHAPTER IX. General Observations on the Smaller Pauline Epistles . . 106 THIRD PART. The Doctrine of the Apostle, Introduction 115 CHAPTER I. The Principle of the Christian Consciousness . . .. 123 CHAPTER II. The Doctrine of Justification: In Its Negative Aspect . . 134 CHAPTER III. The Doctrine of Justification: In Its Positive Aspect . . . 148 CHAPTER IV Christ as Principle of the Society Founded by Him . . . 169 CHAPTER V The Relation of Christianity to Judaism and Heathenism . . 182 CHAPTER VI. Christianity as a New Principle of the World's Historical Development 212 CHAPTER VII. Faith, Love, and Hope: The Three Factors of the Christian Consciousness 228 CHAPTER VIII. Special Discussion of Certain Minor Points of Doctrine . . 234 CHAPTER IX. On Certain Features of the Apostle's Character. . . . 269