PAUL In Fresh Perspective N. T. WRIGHT Fortress Press Minneapolis PAUL: In Fresh Perspective First Fortress Press edition 2005 This volume is published in collaboration with SPCK, London. Copyright © 2005 Nicholas Thomas Wright. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in critical articles or reviews, no part of this book may be reproduced in any manner without prior written permission from the publisher. Write: Permissions, Augsburg Fortress Publishers, Box 1209, Minneapolis, MN 55440 Unless otherwise noted, biblical quotations are the author's own translations or are taken from the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright © 1989 by the Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A., and are used by permission. Cover image: St. Paul, fourteenth-century mosaic from the Kariye Camii, Istanbul. © Sonia Holliday Photography. ISBN 0-8006-3766-6 Manufactured in Great Britain 09 08 07 06 05 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 for Charlie Moule Contents Preface ix Parti THEMES 1 Paul's World, Paul's Legaqr 3 1. The Three Worlds of Paul 3 2. Fighting over Paul's Legacy: Perspectives Old, New and Different 13 2 Creation and Covenant 21 1. Creation and Covenant in the Old Testament 21 2. Paul: Three Central Passages 26 (i) Colossians 1.15-20 27 (ii) 1 Corinthians 15 28 (iii) Romans 1—11 29 3. Evil and Grace, Plight and Solution 34 4. Conclusion: Jesus within Creation and Covenant 38 3 Messiah and Apocalyptic 40 1. Introduction 40 2. Jesus as Messiah in Paul 42 3. Apocalyptic in Paul 50 4 Gospel and Empire 59 1. Introduction 59 2. Caesar's Empire and Its Ideology 62 3. Jewish Critique of Pagan Empire 65 4. Paul's Counter-Imperial Theology 69 5. Conclusion 79 vii Contents Part II STRUCTURES 5 Rethinking God 83 1. Introduction 83 2. Monotheism: The Jewish Roots 86 3. Monotheism and Christology 91 4. Monotheism and the Spirit 97 5. Scriptural Roots, Pagan Targets, Practical Work 102 6. Conclusion 107 6 Reworking God's People 108 1. Introduction 108 2. Election: Jewish Views of God's People 108 3. Election Reshaped around Jesus 110 4. Election Reworked around the Spirit 123 5. Redefinition of Election Rooted in Scripture 125 6. Conclusion 128 7 Reimagining God's Future 130 1. Introduction 130 2. Jewish Eschatology in the First Century 131 3. Eschatology Reimagined around the Messiah 135 4. Eschatology Reimagined around the Spirit 145 5. Eschatology in Context 150 6. Conclusion 153 8 Jesus, Paul and the Task of the Church 154 1. Introduction 154 2. Jesus and Paul 154 3. The Work of an Apostle 161 a. Servant, apostle, set apart 161 b. Redefinitions in practice 163 4. Conclusion: Paul and the Task of the Church 170 Notes 175 Bibliogr(fphy 182 Indexes 185 Vlll Preface It would be an understatement to say that I was grateful for the honour of being invited to give the Hulsean Lectures in Cambridge University. It brought me back to the city and university where my family and I spent three happy years a quarter of a century ago. It allowed me to place my small feet in the large shoes of two of my most distinguished predecessors in my present job, J. B. Lightfoot and B. F. Westcott, from a century and a quarter ago. And, to my surprise, it also allowed me to follow in the footsteps of my great- great-great-grandfather. Temple Chevallier, who as a fellow of Pembroke College gave the Hulsean Lectures in 1826 and 1827 be fore going to Durham in 1835 as Professor of Mathematics and Astronomy and Registrar of the newly established university. He stayed there until his death in 1873, becoming famous among other things for carving a notch in the crenellation of the cloister so that the sun could strike the sundial properly in mid-winter, and for using a telescope, out of the window of the Canon's house he latterly occupied, to observe the behaviour of the Durham rooks. It occurs to me that there may be some who conclude, reading this book, that I have taken up something of his quirky, not to say skittish, habits in following my own particular interests in the study of St Paul. But, now as then, it is, I think, a time for exploration and delighted innovation rather than simply for fiUing in the paradigms left by our predecessors. My aim in these lectures (now turned into chapters with a mini mum of extra editing and new material) was in fact to let in some new shafts of light on Paul, even if that meant carving a notch through some of the traditional ways of studying him, and to observe closely how he goes about certain tasks, even if that meant employing for the purpose the hermeneutical equivalents of new telescopes. I do not pretend that I shall say everything there is to say in a mere eight chapters, nor that they will be balanced in their coverage of relevant issues. I am developing further in this work some of the themes I began to explore in What St Paul Really Said, though mostly from different angles; and behind it aU stand, on the one hand, my earlier ix Preface monograph The Climax of the Covenant (T. & T. Clark, 1992) and the Commentary on Romans in the New Interpreters Bible vol. X (Abingdon, 2003).' I hope that these further explorations will stimu late fresh thought, study and above all delight in one of the most powerful and seminal minds of the first or any century. The latter claim is not exaggerated. Despite the long-standing English tendency to sneer at Paul and to press him for answers to questions he didn't ask, I persist in regarding him as the intellectual equal of Plato, Aristotie or Seneca, even though the demands of his overall vocation, coupled with his dense style, mean that what we possess of his thought is compressed into a fraction of their written compass. Whichever angle you come at him from, there will be surprises and riches in store; again and again, just when you think you've got his measure, he chuckles and forces you to read a passage you thought you knew well in a quite different light, and then, if you dare, to attempt what he had already accomplished, that is, to reflect on how the different viewpoints integrate one with another. Reflect ing on that task makes me feel somewhat like a middle-aged man in Wellington boots trying to imitate a quicksilver-footed ballet dancer; but if my lumbering around after Paul reveals aU too clearly how far I stUl have to go in following him exactly, I hope it will at least stimulate those with fresher minds and more youthful energy to do better, perhaps by sparking off" some ideas with those in particular who are at an early stage in their careers and have the opportunity to study Paul intensively for themselves and come up with challenges, modifications and fresh proposals of their own. I have to say that for me there has been no more stimulating exercise, for the mind, the heart, the imagination and the spirit, than trying to think Paul's thoughts after him and constantly to be stirred up to fresh glimpses of God's ways and purposes with the world and with us strange human creatures. The church and the academy both urgently need a new generation of teachers and preachers who will give themselves totally to the delighted study of the text and allow themselves to be taken wherever it leads, to think new thoughts arising out of the text and to dare to try them out in word and deed. I trust that these lectures, and now this book, will serve as a reminder that studying the New Testament remains not only the core of a good theology degree, but one of the premier intellectual and personal challenges available in any academy; and that studying Paul in particular Preface constitutes one of the most demanding and rewarding of sub- discipUnes. Let me then outHne the argument of this book. The first chapter forms a general introduction, after which the next three chapters look at major Pauline themes which have been highlighted in some recent study, and which allow us to put down some preUminary markers about the way Paul's mind worked. Then the fifth, sixth and seventh chapters form a miniature systematic account of the main theological contours of Paul's thought. A final chapter looks more briefly at some key themes which our study may place in a new light. In each case what I am doing is not so much presenting several discrete and separate aspects of Paul's life and thought, but rather taking a different path up the same large and craggy mountain. Read ing Paul is in fact a bit like climbing a mountain; there are many routes up Scafell Pike or Ben Nevis, and those who are used only to the easy tourist path sometimes forget that scaling the vertical crags is not only more exciting but might sometimes get you to the top more quickly. What I am trying to do is to map various paths, each of which, I believe, leads to the summit. Like the great Alfred Wainwright in the English Lake District, I am trying to provide a kind of sketch-book for those who want to attempt the routes for themselves. In allowing something of the format, and even the occasional colloquial style, of the original lectures to remain, I am conscious that every paragraph could attract footnotes to itself like wasps round a jar of honey, and that this would make the book quite a different sort of thing. I intend it rather to stand as a pointer to the fuller treatment which is supposed to form volume IV of my series 'Chris tian Origins and the Question of God', where at least the key issues may be treated in more detail. Nor is there any question of engaging in detailed debate with the many writers who have addressed similar topics, tempting though it will be to set some records straight and perhaps even setde some old scores. Those who want to follow up particular topics and themes will find the leads they require in the other works I have already referred to. I will, however, refer occa sionally to works which I have found helpful, and provide a slightly fuller list in the bibUography. My wife and I were fortunate indeed to be looked after in Cambridge by several friends while the lectures were being given. xi