Paul CCÉÉZZAANNNNEE Anna Barskaya Yevgenia Georgievskaya Paul Cézanne 1839–1906 Text: Anna Barskaya, Yevgenia Georgievskaya ISBN 978-1-78042-290-9 © Confidential Concepts, worldwide, USA © Sirrocco, London, UK, 2004 (English version) All rights reserved. No part of this may be reproduced or adapted without the permission of the copyright holder, throughout the world. Unless otherwise specified, copyright on the works reproduced lies with the respective photographers. Despite intensive research, it has not always been possible to establish copyright ownership. Where this is the case, we would appreciate notification. Contents His Life 7 His Work Two women and child in an interior 62 Girl at the Piano (Overture to “Tannhäuser”) 64 Bouquet of Flowers in a Blue Vase 66 Self-Portrait with Cap 68 Landscape at Pontoise (Clos des Mathurins) 70 Fruits 72 Self-Portrait 78 Plain by Mont Sainte-Victoire 84 Trees in a Park (Le Jas de Bouffan) 88 The Aqueduct 94 The Banks of the Marne (Villa on the Bank of a River) 98 The Banks of the Marne 100 Pierrot and Harlequin (Mardi Gras) 102 The Bridge 106 Study of Bathers 108 Peaches and Pears 116 Great Pine near Aix 120 Man Smoking a Pipe 124 The Smoker 126 Still Life with Curtain 128 Woman in Blue 132 Flowers 134 Mont Sainte-Victoire 136 The Blue Landscape 140 Landscape at Aix (Mont Sainte-Victoire) 144 Chronology 146 Bibliography 152 Index 156 6 His Life I t is generally acknowledged today that the twenty-five paintings by Paul Cézanne in the possession of the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts in Moscow and the Hermitage in St. Petersburg constitute an extremely important part of the artist’s legacy.They are not only of a high standard but are superb examples of the main periods in his artistic career. Besides such recognized masterpieces as The Banks of the Marne, Great Pine near Aix, and Mont Sainte-Victoire, there are also some unique works, unparalleled in Cézanne’s œuvre, such as Girl at the Piano (Overture to “Tannhäuser”) (p.65) and Pierrot and Harlequin (Mardi Gras) (p.103). All the paintings were acquired at the beginning of the twentieth century by two outstanding Russian collectors,Ivan Morozov and Sergei Shchukin,men of impeccable taste with a true eye for great art, which accounts for the exceptional quality of their collections.In buying Cézanne’s canvases,they were also encouraged by the keen interest which the Russian artistic public evinced in the master from Provence.As early as 1904,the year of Cézanne’s first personal exhibition at the Salon d’Automne in Paris, the St. Petersburg magazine Mir Iskusstva (World of Art) published reviews by Igor Grabar and Stepan Yaremich of Cézanne’s exhibitions in Berlin and Paris. These were followed by a number of articles in the art magazines Iskusstvo (Art), 1905, Vesy (Scales), 1906, Zolotoye Runo(The Golden Fleece),1908,and Apollon (Apollo),1910 and 1912.It was during this period that most of Cézanne’s canvases now in Russia were acquired. In 1907, after Cézanne’s posthumous exhibition at the Salon d’Automne, Ivan Morozov purchased two of his paintings,Plain by Mont Sainte-Victoire(p.85) and Still Life with Curtain(p.129). In a text of this size, it would be impossible to encompass Cézanne’s entire œuvre, and, more importantly, hardly be necessary as it has been done in the fundamental works of Gerstle Mack, Lionello Venturi, John Rewald, Jack Lindsay, among others. But even in the most comprehensive of these treatises, the researcher was not able to treat the master’s enormous output, comprising over 800 pictures,about 500drawings,and 350 watercolors.Each researcher therefore made his own selection from this treasure and evaluated each piece chosen according to its merits. The author of this text analyses Cézanne’s artistic development based on the works collected by Morozov and Shchukin.This is particularly interesting in view of the fact that Russian artists Portrait of the Artist, c. 1873–1876. and critics also contributed to the collecting of Cézanne’s works in their Musée d’Orsay, Paris. country and that several generations of Russian painters have drawn inspiration from the Cézannes in Morozov’s and Shchukin’s collections. Madame Cézanne in a Red Chair (Madame Although a limited range of works cannot give a complete picture of Cézanne in a Striped Skirt), c. 1877. Cézanne’s artistic evolution, the author still hopes that this analysis will shed Oil on canvas. new light on it. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. 7 This work which brooked no predilections, no favouring, no selective discriminations, whose least element had been weighed in the balance of an infinitely restive conscience, and which so incorruptibly reduced what is to its color content that it commenced a new existence in a dimension beyond color, unencumbered by earlier memories. It is this unrestrained objectivity, which rejected all meddling with another person’s oneness, which makes people find Cézanne’s portraits offensive and risible… Rainer Maria Rilke (Letters about Cézanne) Thus the great German poet Rainer Maria Rilke described the profound impression Cézanne’s work had on him at the Salon d’Automne of 1907. And indeed,at the turn of the century Cézanne began to be taken more and more seriously by the avant-garde: Matisse, Picasso, Braque, Vlaminck, Derain and others, and among them young Russian painters whose new art owed much to the master from Provence. However, many of Cézanne’s contemporaries,including such well-known authors as Arsene Alexandre and Camille Mauclair,did not realize his true greatness.When Paul Cézanne died in October 1906 in Aix-en-Provence, Parisian newspapers reacted by publishing a handful of rather equivocal obituaries. “Imperfect talent,” “crude painting,” “an artist that never was,” “incapable of anything but sketches,” owing to “a congenital sight defect” — such were the epithets showered on the great artist during his lifetime and repeated at his graveside. This was not merely due to a lack of understanding on the part of individual artists and critics but above all to an objective factor: the complexity of his art, his specific artistic system which he developed throughout his career and was not embodied in toto in a single one of his works. Cézanne was perhaps the most complex artist of the nineteenth century. “One cannot help feeling something akin to awe in the face of Cézanne’s greatness,” wrote Lionello Venturi. “You seem to be entering an unfamiliar world — rich and austere with peaks so high that they seem inaccessible.”1 It is not, in fact, easy to attain those heights. One does not reach them by the old, well-trodden paths of literary subjects and familiar associations with everyday life. Today,Cézanne’s art unfolds before us with the consistency of a logical development, the first stages already containing the seeds of the final fruit, but to those who could see only separate fragments of the whole, naturally much of Cézanne’s œuvre must have seemed strange and incomprehensible. This was the only way in which his contemporaries were able to see it, as fragmentary parts in private collections and at occasional exhibitions;only a few sensed the greatness of his work.Most people,however,were struck by the odd diversity of styles and the differing stages of completion of his paintings. In some paintings, one saw a fury of emotion, which bursts through in vigorous, tumultuous forms and in brutally powerful volumes apparently sculpted in colored clay; in others, there was rational, carefully conceived composition and an incredible variety of color modulations. Some works resembled rough sketches in which a few transparent brushstrokes produced a sense of depth,while in others powerfully modeled figures entered into complex, interdependent spatial relationships, which Russian artist Alexei Nürenberghas aptly called “the tying together of space.”2 Even one of Cézanne’s devoted admirers, Émile Bernard, ascribed the unfinished character of these works to the painter’s awkwardness, oddities, and naivety, which at times verged on crudity, and proposed that they be distinguished from “those that are really beautiful.”3 Cézanne himself, with his constant laments about the impossibility of conveying his own 8 sensations, prompted critics to speak of the fragmentary character of his work.He saw each of his paintings as nothing but an incomplete part of the whole.He always felt that just one more effort was required,just a little more exertion of willpower, and the goal would be reached. But it sometimes happened that the entirety of the world seen by the artist in each bit of nature eluded his brush. Often, after dozens of interminable sessions, Cézanne would abandon the picture he had started, hoping to return to it later. In each succeeding work, he would try to overcome the imperfection of the previous one, to make it more finished than before. “I am long on hair and beard but short on talent.”4 Of a rejected painting he had submitted for the 1878 Salon, he wrote: “I can quite see that they could not accept it because of my starting point, which is too far removed from the aim to be attained, that is to say, the reproduction of nature.”5The final aim would at times hover vaguely before him in the misty future, while at others it would be lost in the immensity of the specific tasks he set himself. “I am working obstinately, for I am beginning to see the promised land. Will I be like the great Hebrew leader or will I be able to enter?… I have made some progress. Why so late and with such difficulty?”6 “My age and my health will never allow me to realize the dream that all my life I have longed to achieve.”7Exactly a month before his death, Cézanne wrote to Émile Bernard: “Shall I attain the aim so ardently desired and so long pursued? I want to, but as long as the goal is not reached, I shall feel a vague malaise until I reach the haven, that is,until I achieve a greater perfection than before and thus prove the rightness of my theories.”8 Such thoughts, shot through with bitterness, are a tragic theme recurring in Cézanne’s correspondence and conversations with his friends. They are the tragedy of his whole life — a tragedy of constant doubting, dissatisfaction, and lack of confidence in his own ability. But here,too,was the mainspring of his art,which developed as a tree grows or as a rock forms — by the slow accumulation of more and more layers on a given foundation. Throughout history there have been many artists who were dissatisfied with their work. At the end of the fifteenth Portrait of Ivan Morozov. 9 10