Paul Brunton A Bridge Between India and the West by Annie Cahn Fung translated from Paul Brunton: un pont entre l’Inde et l’Occident a doctoral thesis presented to the Department of Religious Anthropology Université de Paris IV Sorbonne, 1992 © Annie Cahn Fung 2004 T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s Acknowledgments Introduction 1. A Creative Independence 2. Issues in the Present Work Part I: GENESIS OF A QUEST Chapter 1: PRELUDE TO A QUEST 1.1 India and the West 1.2 Early Years 1.3 Theosophy 1.4 The New Science 1.5 Independent Spiritual Seekers 1.5.1 Adventurers of the Spirit 1.5.2 Sir Francis Younghusband 1.5.3 Guénon, Krishnamurti, and Brunton Chapter 2: THE INDIAN EXPERIENCE 2.1 The Three Journeys 2.2 Brief Encounters 2.2.1 Shankaracharya of Kanchipuram 2.2.2 Sahabji Maharaj 2.2.3 Krishna Menon (Atmananda) 2.3 Major Encounters: Ramana Maharshi Chapter 3: IN MYSORE 3.1 The Maharaja: A Philosopher King 3.2 Subrahmanya Iyer: A Neo-Vedantin 3.2.1 Renewing Hindu Tradition 3.2.2 Neo-Hindu Inclusivism 3.2.3 Reinterpreting Shankara 3.2.4 Remarks 3.3 The Master and the Maharaja 3.4 Indian Master and British Disciple 2 Paul Brunton Part II: THE QUEST FOR TRUTH Introduction Chapter 4: INQUIRING INTO THE WORLD 4.1 Critiquing Materialism 4.1.1 A study of Perception Sensation to Perception Three Kinds of Optical Illusions 4.1.2 Structuring Cognition: Space, Time, and Causality Space and Time Causality Two Remarks 4.1.3 Modern Science and the Concept of Matter 4.1.4 Mentalism and Idealism Berkeley’s Immaterialism Prakasananda’s drsti-srsti-vada 4.2 Mentalism and Cosmogony 4.2.1 Causality of Ideas: the Notion of World-Mind Karma Evolution 4.2.2 Cosmogenesis: the Notion of World-Idea Cosmogenesis The World-Idea 4.2.3 Individual Mind and Cosmic Mind Mind and Brain “Double Creation” of the World 4.3 Mentalism and Non-Duality: the Notion of Mind 4.3.1 A Key to Non-Dualism A Non-Dualist Formula The Status of Manifestation Inclusive and Exclusive Views of Reality; vivartavada and ajativada 4.3.2 A Threefold, Non-Dualist Conception of the Real A Diagram 4.3.3 Symbolism of Numbers 4.3.4 Conclusion: Mentalism and Advaita 3 Paul Brunton Chapter 5: INQUIRING INTO THE SELF: THE CONCEPT OF THE OVERSELF 5.1 The Illusory Nature of the Ego 5.1.1 Discriminating Subject and Object: drg-drsya viveka 5.1.2 Analyzing the Three States of Consciousness: avasthatraya 5.2 The Concept of the Overself 5.2.1 Its Evolution in Brunton’s Thought 5.2.2 A Metaphysical Principle of Consciousness 5.2.3 The Overself as an Intemediary 5.2.4 The Overself and the Individual Karmic Series 5.2.5 The Overself as Our Higher Individuality 5.2.6 A Dual and Paradoxical Concept 5.2.7 The Overself and Vedantic Notions 5.2.8 The Overself and Non-Dualism: two Interpretations A Metaphysical Hypothesis A Hypothesis of Psychological Realism 5.2.9 A Soteriological Aid for Westerners 5.2.10 The Overself and Other Traditions 5.2.11 Symbols for the Overself Divine Atom in the Heart Inner Divinity Metaphors of Divine Emanation Chapter 6: THE PHILOSOPHIC LIFE 6.1 An Ethical Critique of Materialism 6.1.1 Brunton’s Evolution 6.1.2 Critiquing Materialistic Values 6.1.3 The War: a “Materialist Cancer” 6.2 The Philosophic Life 6.2.1 The Philosophic Discipline 6.2.2 Long and Short Paths 6.2.3 The Notion of Grace 6.2.4 Progressing on the Path 6.2.5 Stages and Aspects 6.3 The Ideal of the Sage 6.3.1 The Faculty of Insight 6.3.2 Realization 6.3.3 Ethics and Metaphysics of Compassion 6.3.4 Character of the Sage 6.3.5 Synthesis and Balance: the Idea of Intermediary 4 Paul Brunton APPENDIX: Mutual Impressions: Brunton, India, and the West 1. Brunton and India India’s View of Brunton Brunton’s View of India 2. Brunton and the West The West’s View of Brunton Brunton’s View of the “Hinduized” West CONCLUSION 1. His Work: Renewal and Synthesis A Reformulation of Advaita Vedanta A Contemporary Synthesis 2. The Man: Bridging East and West Seeker, Messenger, Awakener, and Guide A Pioneer Bibliography 5 Paul Brunton ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would first like to thank here all those without whose help my original French dissertation, presented to the Department of Religious Anthropology at the Sorbonne in June 1992, could not have been completed: – My professors: Charles Malamoud and Laksmi Kapani, who initiated me into Sanskrit and Indian culture; Michel Meslin, who opened my mind to the new science of Religious Anthropology; and Michel Hulin, who has continued to help me fathom the subtleties of the brahmanic darsanas. – Indologists Catherine Clémentin-Ojha and Christian Bouy, who by their judicious advice helped me to enrich my documentation and to deepen my understanding of Advaita Vedanta. – Maud Lallement of the Vedantic Center of Gretz, France; Rukmani Kuppanna of Salem, South India, Pandit V. Subrahmanya Iyer’s daughter; and Antonio Gili, Director of the Lugano Municipal Archives, who kindly provided me with biographical documents needed for this study. – The members of Wisdom’s Goldenrod Center for Philosophic Studies in Valois, NewYork, founded by students and friends of Paul Brunton, for the generous hospitality shown me during several summers spent in their Library working with Brunton’s voluminous papers and notes. Special thanks are due to Alan Berkowitz, who gave me precious information, and to Avery Solomon, who helped me to understand Brunton’s thought over long and enriching discussions. * * * For the present English language version of my thesis, I wish especially to thank: Laurie Conrad, who devoted countless hours to producing a draft translation of the entire text; Helen Perl, Mark Scorelle, and others, who gave freely of their time in keeping the project alive through different stages of rereading and several changes of format; and finally, Ken Fung, mon mari patient, who spent countless more hours reviewing and rewriting the draft with me, and finally adapting it for the English- speaking reader. It is with great satisfaction and relief that we are at long last able to bring to conclusion this translation which is now to be made available on the internet. The original thesis, the work of seven long years, has so far been the only academic work on Paul Brunton. In it, I have attempted to to honor his pioneering contribution to 6 Paul Brunton the emerging culture of East and West, while placing him against the backdrop of spiritual currents of his time, tracing his life through his Indian years, and examining the influence of traditional and Neo-Vedanta on his ideas. The picture of Paul Brunton and his work which emerges in this scholarly study cannot hope to do justice to the man or his vision of the philosophic life, which have been a source of inspiration for so many. Nevertheless, I hope that my work will be of some use to those interested in having a context for his writings. Annie Cahn Fung Ithaca, NY March 2004 Note: The author welcomes interested readers to address comments by e-mail to her at: [email protected] 7 Paul Brunton INTRODUCTION There is probably no more appropriate way to enter into the spirit of a seeker than to retrace the path leading to the source of his ideas and to recount the subjective facts that led to his discoveries. – Aniela Jaffé1 What I have tried to do here is to “retrace the path leading to the source” of Paul Brunton’s ideas and to “recount the subjective facts that led to his discoveries,” through a two-fold perspective where a survey of his life reveals how his ideas developed. I will examine the influence of India, of both its living masters and its traditional doctrines, particularly Advaita Vedanta, on the British writer Paul Brunton (1898-1981), author of eleven volumes published during his lifetime and sixteen volumes of Notebooks posthumously published. My research led me successively to: – Switzerland, where the author died in 1981. My inquiries led me to the municipal offices of Vevey, Montreux, and Lugano, as well as to Zurich where I met several individuals who knew Brunton well and who gave me both biographical and personal information. – South India, where Brunton spent many years and studied with several teachers. I met with the daughter of one of them (the late Subrahmanya Iyer) and obtained copies of original correspondence from Brunton to Iyer dating from 1938-1940. – The United States, where I did research in the archives of Wisdom’s Goldenrod Center for Philosophic Study in Valois, N.Y., founded by friends and students of Paul Brunton. There I had access to Brunton’s personal library, including the voluminous notes he took during his ten-year sojourn in India. These unedited notes constitute my main and most valuable source of information for the present work. Paul Brunton was a mystic2 and a philosopher,3 as well as an esotericist. One or another of these aspects of his being came to prominence at various times during his life, which might thus be divided into four periods: 1. Adolescence and early twenties, when the mystical and esoteric aspects were most 1 Aniela Jaffé, Introduction to C.G. Jung, Ma vie (tr. of his Erinnerungen, Träume, Gedanken [English tr.: Memories, dreams and reflections]), Paris: Gallimard/Folio, 1973. Curiously, the paragraph containing this quote is missing from the English translation. 2 Or better, a contemplative, if the word mystic implies union with a personal God. 3 In the larger sense of visionary thinker. 8 Paul Brunton visible (involvement with the Theosophical Society, etc.). 2. Early adulthood, where the mystic or contemplative found expression in his early works, The Secret Path, The Inner Reality, and The Quest of the Overself (a period marked by the influence of Ramana Maharshi). 3. Mature years, from age forty, during which (under the influence of pandit Subrahmanya Iyer, personal teacher of the Maharaja of Mysore) the mystic and esotericist aspects receded, and the philosopher emerged in his two major works, The Hidden Teaching Beyond Yoga and The Wisdom of the Overself. 4. Last years (the period of the Notebooks), where he was fully a philosopher, one whose outlook embraced mystical contemplation, while traces of the esotericist remained in the background. In this work, I am mainly concerned with Brunton the philosopher, and to a lesser degree with Brunton the contemplative. 1. A Creative Independence Paul Brunton’s most characteristic trait was probably his individualistic temperament, an essential aspect of which was his strong need for independence. One notes his aristocratic need for privacy, his love of solitude, and his distance from the conventional herd (those unready to think for themselves). Like Emerson (a favorite author), he extolled “self-reliance.” He was thus a fiercely independent thinker, standing apart from all established schools and movements. His membership in the Theosophical Society constituted only a brief, youthful interlude in a life which otherwise remained on the margin of all organizations, even esoteric ones. Brunton justified his dislike of organizations in several ways: history shows that groups sooner or later degenerate into cliques, which in the end defend their own interests and survival above all. Moreover, the existence of rival groups perpetuates antagonisms, prejudices and hatred, all contrary to the ideals proclaimed by each. Freedom from ideological ties encourages impartiality and authenticity in the search for Truth. One who is brave enough to follow his quest alone, outside the protective fold of religious or spiritual circles, is free to go his own way, unconstrained by dogma. Brunton admits that while groups can help beginners, at a certain point they may hinder inner progress; thus an advanced mystic may feel no need to be part of a community. That was the case for Brunton himself, who was sensitive to the fact that “the Wind bloweth where it will.” His definition of a sage could be applied to himself: He is a prophet without a church, a teacher without a school, a reformer without an 9 Paul Brunton institution.4 This firm stand against organized groups does not merely reflect the author’s individualism. It expresses as well his deep conviction that the Quest is an individual affair. He was fond of Emerson’s remark, “Souls are not saved in bundles,” and maintained that only alone can we find Truth, in the depths of our own innermost being, alone with the Alone: What chance has the individual spiritual educator to continue his work when public and government alike accept the false suggestion that only through large organized groups and recognized traditional institutions can people be correctly led? The end of such a trend can only be as it has been in the past—monopoly, dictatorial religion, centralized tyrannical power, heresy-hunting persecution, and the death of individualism, which means the death of truth. Jesus, Buddha, Spinoza were all individualists.5 Thus Brunton not only doubted the efficacy of organizations in the realm of the spiritual, but he as well found them to be potentially dangerous. From this affirmation of independence two observations follow: – The teachings Brunton proposes under the general term ‘philosophy’ find no exact correspondence in any one school of thought, whether orthodox (i.e. Advaita) or esoteric (i.e. Theosophy). Thus one can clearly state that despite his many allusions to Brahmanical or Hindu thought (i.e. his use of the terms yoga, karma, non-duality, and more rarely Brahman, atman, or samadhi), Brunton does not invoke exclusively the authority of Advaita Vedanta. It is nevertheless my intention in this study to examine the influence of Advaita on Brunton’s thought. – Brunton wrote for a public without affiliation: for individuals dissatisfied with the prevailing materialism who found no place in orthodox institutions. 2. Issues in the Present Work If this higher philosophy is to become more acceptable among the Western races, it will have to be formulated by members of those races themselves and presented in a modern, suitable form. It will be necessary to find inspired Western sources to whom we may turn for its interpretation and Truth instead of trying to depend on contemporary India.6 4 Notebooks, XVI, 1, 4, 61. 5 Ibid., XVI, 1, 4, 157. 6 Ibid., X, 1, 127. 10 Paul Brunton