Patterns of Daily Prayer in Second Temple Period Judaism Studies on the Texts of the Desert of Judah Edited by Florentino García Martínez Associate editors Peter W. Flint Eibert J. C. Tigchelaar VoluME 104 The titles published in this series are listed at brill.com/stdj Patterns of Daily Prayer in Second Temple Period Judaism By Jeremy Penner lEiDEn • boSTon 2012 library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Penner, Jeremy.  Patterns of daily prayer in Second Temple period Judaism / by Jeremy Penner.   p. cm. — (Studies on the texts of the desert of Judah, iSSn 0169-9962 ; v. 104)  includes bibliographical references and index.  iSbn 978-90-04-23307-2 (hardback : alk. paper) — iSbn 978-90-04-23033-0 (e-book) 1. Prayer— Judaism—History. 2. Judaism—History—Post-exilic period, 586 b.C.-210 A.D. i. Title.  bM669.P46 2012  296.4’91—dc23 2012028842 This publication has been typeset in the multilingual “brill” typeface. With over 5,100 characters covering latin, iPA, Greek, and Cyrillic, this typeface is especially suitable for use in the humanities. For more information, please see www.brill.com/brill-typeface. iSSn 0169-9962 iSbn 978-90-0423307-2 (hardback) iSbn 978-90-0423033-0 (e-book) Copyright 2012 by Koninklijke brill nV, leiden, The netherlands. Koninklijke brill nV incorporates the imprints brill, Global oriental, Hotei Publishing, iDC Publishers and Martinus nijhoff Publishers. All rights reserved. no part of this publication may be reproduced, translated, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission from the publisher. Authorization to photocopy items for internal or personal use is granted by Koninklijke brill nV provided that the appropriate fees are paid directly to The Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Suite 910, Danvers, MA 01923, uSA. Fees are subject to change. This book is printed on acid-free paper. ConTEnTS Acknowledgments  .......................................................................................... ix Abbreviations and Sigla  ................................................................................ xi introduction  ..................................................................................................... 1 1. Review of Scholarship  ........................................................................ 3 1.1. Fixed Prayer as a Gradual Development  ............................. 5 1.2. Fixed Prayer as a Radical innovation  ................................... 19 1.3. other Trends and Approaches to the Study of Prayer  .... 25 2. Patterns of Daily Prayer in Second Temple Period Judaism: A Way Forward  ..................................................................................... 28 i. Sacrifice and Daily Prayer  .................................................................... 35 1. introduction  ........................................................................................ 35 2. Spontaneous Prayer and Times of Sacrifice .............................. 37 2.1. Prayer in Sirach 50  .................................................................... 45 3. Descriptions of Times of Prayer in the Psalms  ........................ 48 4. Daily Prayer in the Temple  ............................................................ 54 4.1. Priestly Prayer in M. Tamid 5.1  .............................................. 59 5. The influence of the Temple in the Development of Daily Fixed Prayer  ........................................................................................ 67 6. Conclusions  ......................................................................................... 70 ii. Scripture and Daily Prayer  .................................................................. 73 1. introduction  ........................................................................................ 73 2. Let. Aris. §158–160  ............................................................................. 75 3. Josephus, Ant. 4.212  ........................................................................... 81 4. 1QS X 10, 13–14  .................................................................................... 87 5. Conclusions  ......................................................................................... 97 iii. luminary Cycles and Daily Prayer  .................................................... 101 1. introduction  ........................................................................................ 101 2. 4Q504, 4Q506  ..................................................................................... 103 2.1. liturgical Features  .................................................................... 104 2.2. A Daily liturgy?  ......................................................................... 105 vi contents 3. 4Q503  ..................................................................................................... 107 3.1. liturgical Features  ..................................................................... 108 3.2. Calendar: The Sequence of Prayers and Reckoning of Days ........................................................................................... 109 3.3. The Calendar in 4Q503 and Times of Prayer  .................... 115 3.4. Times of Prayer ........................................................................... 116 3.5. Prayer with Angels  .................................................................... 118 3.6. Provenance  .................................................................................. 123 4. 4Q408  .................................................................................................... 131 4.1. Times of Prayer ........................................................................... 132 4.2. Prayer with Angels  .................................................................... 133 4.3. Provenance  .................................................................................. 134 5. Conclusions  ......................................................................................... 135 iV. The liturgical Calendar at 1QHa XX 7–14a and 1QS iX 26b–X 8a  ...................................................................................... 137 1. introduction  ........................................................................................ 137 2. 1QHa XX 7–14a  ..................................................................................... 140 2.1. The literary Structure of 1QHa XX 7–10  .............................. 141 3. 1QS iX 26b–X 8a  ................................................................................. 147 3.1. The literary Structure of 1QS X 1–3  ..................................... 149 4. The Redaction of the Calendar at 1QHa XX 7–14a and 1QS iX 26b–X 8a  ................................................................................. 152 5. The Calendar at 1QHa XX 7–14a and 1QS iX 26b–X 8a and the Daily life of the Qumran Community  ........................ 158 6. Conclusions  ......................................................................................... 164 V. nocturnal Prayer  ..................................................................................... 165 1. introduction  ........................................................................................ 165 1.1. Preliminary Remarks on the Anthropology of Sleep in the Ancient World  ................................................................ 166 2. The influence of Cosmology on Prayer  ...................................... 172 3. Prayers for Protection  ...................................................................... 180 3.1. Ps-Philo, L.A.B. 60:1–3  ............................................................... 180 3.2. Jub. 12:16–27  ................................................................................. 182 3.3. 11Q11 V  ............................................................................................ 184 3.4. 4Q510–511: Were Prayers for Protection Routinized?  ..... 189 4. nocturnal Praise  ................................................................................ 190 4.1. 4Q503  ............................................................................................. 190 4.2. 1QHa XXV 30–33  .......................................................................... 195 contents vii 5. 4Q334: A liturgy for Praise or Protection?  .................................. 198 5.1. Genre and Setting  ....................................................................... 200 6. Conclusions  ............................................................................................ 207 Conclusions ....................................................................................................... 209 bibliography  ..................................................................................................... 215 index of Ancient Sources  ............................................................................. 241 ACKnoWlEDGMEnTS This book is a revised version of my dissertation submitted to McMaster university in 2010; it marks only the beginning of my thinking on this topic, but i nonetheless hope others will find its contents helpful in moving the current discussion forward. My dissertation was supervised by Eileen Schuller. Her persistence, patience, and high academic standard have left an imprint on this book and in my life. i cannot imagine a better thesis supervisor and i would like to offer her my sincerest gratitude. i have benefitted from the other exemplary members of my committee, Annette Reed and Anders Runesson, and to them i also express my appre- ciation and thanks. There are others, in particular Daniel Falk, who care- fully read my dissertation and offered precise comments and feedback that only improved my work. in 2005 Esther Chazon gave me the oppor- tunity to present some of my earlier research at the orion Center for the Study of the Dead Sea Scrolls, and to her i would also like to express my appreciation. My time in Jerusalem that year proved to be invaluable for many reasons, but most importantly because of the colleagues i met and from whom i had the pleasure to learn. Aryeh Amihay patiently guided me as i stumbled through Ezra Fleischer’s important article on the begin- nings of Jewish prayer. That same year i also met Dan Machiela, and i am very pleased to have become friends and colleagues. There are many other friends and colleagues that have encouraged me along the way, some of whom i would like to mention here: i can always rely on Jennifer Zilm, not only for her academic and literary acuity, but also for providing hours of laughter; Mika Pajunen and Rob Virdis for their friendship; and Dan Klassen for inspiration. i would also like to thank my colleagues in the Department of Theology and Religious Studies at Ku leuven, in particular Eibert Tigchelaar for the opportunity to study in Europe and for encouraging me to prepare the manuscript for this book. i only arrived in leuven a few months ago, but already in this short period of time i have benefitted immeasurable from such an academically stimulating environment. Finally, i would like to thank Florentino García Martínez for accepting this manuscript for pub- lication in the STDJ series. leuven, June 2012