:}C>atricK moore '.5 mifTennium 1'ear6ooK Springer-Verlag London Ltd. :}eatrick moore anb J\(Tan <tfjapman 10atricK moore' 5 milTennium )?ear6ooK t fje Uiew from JUt:) 1001 mitfj 31 .figures .§pringer Jur:. IlTustration.s 6earing t6e initiars were Of'R.~.U).t. prepareS ~ }llTan tijapman Of 'Racijer tijapman fespectiver-p ISBN 978-1-85233-619-6 :Sriti5fj li.6rary eatafoguing in 19u.6lirotion JE)ata IDoore,l9atric:K, 1923- 19atric:K IDoore' s milfennium -pear.600K: tfje 'Oiew from JUI:> 1001 1. }\5tronom-p, IDe5ie-oa:f 2. }\5tronom-p, Jl.ra.6 3. tonstelTations ii>i5tory 1. 'titfe II. tfja:pmcm, Jl.lTan, 1946-, Jl.fan 520.9'3 ISBN 978-1-85233-619-6 ISBN 978-1-4471-0375-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-4471-0375-2 li.6rary of tongre55 tatafoging.iw 19u.6Iic:ation JE)a:ta: IDoore, 19atric:K. 19atric:K IDoore's milTennium -pear.6ook : tfje 'Oiew from:u> 1001/ 19atric:k IDoore an8 J'.lTan tfjapma:n. p. c:m. ISBN 978-1-85233-619-6 1. }\5tronom-p, J'.nc:ient. 1. tfja:pma:n, J'.lTan, 1946- II. 'titfe. III. 'titfe: milTennium -pear.600k. cQ1;16.ID61 1999 520'.9'021-5C:21 )l.pa:rt from atl'P fair &aling for tfje purpOSe5 of researc:fj or pri-oate stuS-p, or c:ritic:i5m or re'Oiew, as pennitte5 un5er tfje tOp'pri~#, lI:>e5lgn5 an5 19atents J'.c:t 1988, tfjis pu.6lic:ation ma-p onf-p .6e reproSuc:e5, store5 or tra:nsmitte5, in an-p form or .6-p an-p means, witfj tfje prior pennission in writing of tfje pu6f15ijers, or in tije Ca:5e of reprograpfjic: reproSuc:tion in acc:orSa:nc:e witfj tije tenns of lic:enc:es issue5 .6-p tfje top-prigfjt lic:ensing .se ~genc:-p. iSnquiries c:onc:eming reproSuc:tion outsiSe tfjose terms sfjoun; sent to tfje pu.6r156ers. © .§pringer.t>erfag 10n80n limite5 2000 'tfje U5e of registere5 na:tnes, tra:SemarK5 etc:. in tfjis pu.6lic:ation Soes not impf-p, e-oen in tije a6senc:e of a spec:ific: statement, tfja:t suc:fj na:tnes are exempt from tfje refe-oa:nt faws an5 regufations an5 tfjerefore free for generaf U5e. 'tfje pu.6lisfjer Mes no representa:tion, expre55 or implie5, witij regar5 to tfje acc:ura:c:-p of tije informa:tion c:onta:ine5 in tfjis .6ooK a:n8 c:a:nnot acc:ept an-p fegaf resp0n5i6i1lt-p or Iia6ilitl' for atl'P errors omissions tfjat ma-p Of .6e maSe. tfjis rear600k is respectfufT1' 8e8icate8 to JbI§ 2\)AJ-€§'tr -€'tJb-€ ..t R-€ll:> II King of Wessex an8 afT of ~ngran8 <Contents -ts8itoriaf .. .. m't"t <ton"erston t'a6fe x t' fje Jftew milTennium an8 tfje , <tfjristian <tafen8ar . Xt tfje Jftigfjt §kl' in 1000 .. 1 2Uan>efs in tfje ibea"ens .. 11 t fje }U;tronomicaf Jlcfjie"ements of tfje first milTennium (Jllliert :)een8fe6uriensts) 25 Itstronomicaf Instruments of tfje first milTennium (JllTanus §a(for8iensts) .. 43 tfje }U;trofa6e (1le(fre8 <!:Piftoniensts) .. 51 It .letter to tfje :}ero:perties of ~efating .ligfjt, as ma8e ~ Itll)a,en (mattfjew of Irwem .. .. 15 ];ook l,;ook of tfje <tonstelTations ~emew: of tfje fixe8 stars (Jlf~§ufi) .. .. 91 <!:>6ituary: Jl6ufWafa .. .. 93 ?t5tronoml' of tfje Jftext milfennium .. 95 1t:p:pen8ix .. .. 91 ~8itoriar I t 15 necessary to apofog15e for tfje sfigfjt Sefa\, in 15suing tfj151'ear600k. tfje main text was in fact compfeteS welT on scfjeSufe, 6ut most unfortunatef\' one of tfje Jl:)an15fj raws, witfj wfjicfj we fja\?e 6ecome so S15tressingf\, famifiar, resufteS in tfje Sestruction of alT tfje copies wfjicfj fjaS 6een sent from tfje tDincfjester §criptorium, anS tfjese fjaS to 6e recopieS efsewfjere. ~r armeS forces, unSer .£\ing ~tfjefreS II, are Soing alT tfjat 15possi6fe to maintain orSer anS protect our coastfine, 6ut it cannot 6e SenieS tfjat at times tfje situation 6ecomes "ery Sifficuft. • ctme "ery important cfjange fjas 6een maSe for tfj15 new 1'ear600k. Up to now we fja"e aSfjereS to tfje fjonoureS numericaf s\,stem time~ Se~eS ~ tfje 2\omans, 6ut it 15 true tfjat tfje s\,stem Soes fja"e its we S15~antages; appreciate tfjat, for instance, muftipf\,ing *l<tt)!II ~ l***IU takes time. In tfje \,ear 595, accorSing to <tfjr15tian reckoning, InSian matfjematicians introSuceS a new concept, tfje ,ero (0), anS from 815 man\, countries fja"e useS a totalT\' new matfjematicaf notation 6aseS on tfjat of tfje Jlra6s. It 15 tfj15 wfjicfj, after fengtfj\, S15cussions, we fja"e SeciSe5 to aSopt, so tfjat in tfje present 600k tfje new s\,stem fjas 6een folToweS tfjrougfjout. Jl ~5itoriar~ con"erStOn ta.6fe, for tfjose wfjo prefer tfje offi S1'stem, is gi"en on page xi. • tfjis first ebition fjas .6een probuceb in Jlngfol§axon ratfjer tfjan .latin, wfjicfj wilT, it is feft, increase tfje reaSersfjip. Jl.latin "ersion wilT.6e prepareS fater if tfjere is sufficient bemanb. 5inalT1', it fjas .6een becibeb to separate tfje astrofogicaf sections from tfje puref1' astronomicaf text, anb tfjese sections wilT.6e issueb in tfje near future. • We extenS our gratefuf tfjanks to tfje compifers of tfje Jlngfo §axon <tfjronicfe for 1 permission to reprobuce bata ant; Siagrams. Wincfjester 221ft~em.6er 999 <ton\')ersion ta6fe 1Itew t:>ffi 0 (no equiwfent) 1 I 5 t) 10 * 50 £. 100 t 500 !> m 1,000 I n tfje unfikef1' e"ent tfjat reaSers neeS reminSing a60ut tfje "olS" metfjoS, in generaf s"f'm6ofs are useS in orSer of Secreasing ~oman si;e: tfjus *t)! = 16. ~ sym60f ma1' 6e repeate~ up to tfjree times (*tHI1 = 18), 6u.t not four; tfjus 19 = *H€, not *t>HH. x tfje JJtew milTennium anS tfje <tfjristian <t af enS ar ?l--fjis )?ear600k is for tfje ~ear 1000. It is \L.-tfjus, tfje fast one for tfje current mifTennium. :But, ask, wfjen Soes tfje ~ou ma~ Mew mifTennium 6egin, anS wfjen Soes tfje otS one enS? • let us 6e cfear. <t>ur ancestors, e\')en tfje ifTustrious <5reelts, fjaS no s~m60f for 3ero. tfjerefore tfjere was no o. Wfjat we cafT ~ear 111 1:>t" was fofToweS 6~ "Jill> 1". tfjis means tfjat tfje first of tfje new mifTennium was 5a~ tfje first Sa~ of Jill> 1; an5 from tfjis, it is apparent tfjat tfje first of tfje coming 5a~ mifTennium wifT 6e tfje first of 1001. Sa~ 1ftotfjing coutS 6e cfearer. • tfjere are some ignorant fefTows wfjo wifT continue to protest tfjat tfje first 5a~ sfjoutS 6e 1 January 1000 - just as, no Sou6t, equafT~ ignorant fefTows wifT protest tfjat tfje next mifTennium wifT start on 1 January 2000. ];ut in tfjis )?ear600k we are 6etter~informeS.