8407_Mufson_fm_c.qxd 11/14/01 11:53 AM Page i PRE ® TEST Pathophysiology PreTest® Self-Assessment and Review 8407_Mufson_fm_c.qxd 11/14/01 11:53 AM Page ii Notice Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. For example and in particular, readers are advised to check the prod- uct information sheet included in the package of each drug they plan to administer to be certain that the information contained in this work is accurate and that changes have not been made in the recommended dose or in the contraindications for administration. This recommendation is of particular importance in connection with new or infrequently used drugs. Copyright 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies. Click Here for Terms of Use. 8407_Mufson_fm_c.qxd 11/14/01 11:53 AM Page iii PRE ® TEST Pathophysiology PreTest® Self-Assessment and Review Second Edition Maurice A. Mufson, M.D., M.A.C.P. Professor of Medicine Chairman Emeritus Department of Medicine Marshall University School of Medicine Huntington, West Virginia Student Reviewers Christopher A. Heck University of South Alabama College of Medicine Mobile, Alabama Class of 2001 Sara M. Nesler University of Iowa College of Medicine Iowa City, Iowa Class of 2002 McGraw-Hill Medical Publishing Division New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto McGraw-Hill abc Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Manufactured in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be repro- duced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 0-07-138963-6 The material in this eBook also appears in the print version of this title: 0-07-137507-4. All trademarks are trademarks of their respective owners. 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For more information, please contact George Hoare, Special Sales, at 8407_Mufson_fm_c.qxd 11/14/01 11:53 AM Page v Contents Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix Acknowledgments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi High-Yield Facts High-Yield Facts in Pathophysiology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Immune System Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Answers, Explanations, and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Genetic Disease Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Answers, Explanations, and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Neoplasia and Blood Disorders Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 Answers, Explanations, and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Infectious Disease Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Answers, Explanations, and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Cardiovascular System Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 Answers, Explanations, and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Pulmonary System Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Answers, Explanations, and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Renal System/Nephrology Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Answers, Explanations, and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 v Copyright 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies. Click Here for Terms of Use. 8407_Mufson_fm_c.qxd 11/14/01 11:53 AM Page vi vi Contents Gastroenterology Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 Answers, Explanations, and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 Liver Disease Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 Answers, Explanations, and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169 Thyroid and Pituitary Disorders Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 Answers, Explanations, and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 Reproductive System Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 Answers, Explanations, and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Nervous System Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217 Answers, Explanations, and References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 230 Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 8407_Mufson_fm_c.qxd 11/14/01 11:53 AM Page vii Contributors Shirley M. Neitch, M.D. Professor of Medicine Section Chief of Geriatrics Department of Medicine Marshall University School of Medicine Huntington, West Virginia Henry K. Driscoll, M.D. Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine Marshall University School of Medicine Huntington, West Virginia Jason Yap, M.D. Assistant Professor of Medicine Section Chief of Nephrology Department of Medicine Marshall University School of Medicine Huntington, West Virginia Paulette Wehner, M.D. Associate Professor of Medicine Director of Cardiology Fellowship Department of Cardiovascular Services Marshall University School of Medicine Huntington, West Virginia vii Copyright 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies. Click Here for Terms of Use. This page intentionally left blank. 8407_Mufson_fm_c.qxd 11/14/01 11:53 AM Page ix Introduction Testing your knowledge by answering the pathophysiology questions in this book serves as a competition in which you compete against yourself for the satisfaction of doing well. It’s a great feeling when you know the answers to difficult medical questions. It reflects well on your ability to learn the material in medical school, and it’s a signal that you’re prepared for the certifying examinations. This competition also can increase your knowledge base, as any competition sharpens your skills. That is an impor- tant part of testing ourselves. When we don’t know an answer, it’s an opportunity to look it up in a “big book” of internal medicine and improve our understanding of the topic. Each answer includes a reference to that answer, as a starting point for reading more about the topic. Although knowing the answer to any individual question provides some measure of satisfaction, it does not, and should not, represent a stopping point. Impor- tantly, it should encourage you to read further so that you can easily answer questions from any point of view on that topic. Consider using this book in the following manner: • Read the question and then record your answer before you read the cor- rect answer. • Look at the correct answer and the explanation. • Read the source reference citation. Also, read the “High-Yield Facts,” a synopsis of significant points pre- sented as condensed summaries. These “High-Yield Facts” highlight key points in pathophysiology for rapid review. They serve also as a “memory jog” when reviewing the questions, and it is important to read the source reference citations accompanying them. The process of studying remains paramount, not necessarily whether you know the correct answer to one question or many questions. Don’t fail to read the source reference citation listed for each question, especially the questions for which you do not readily know the answer. In this manner, you will increase the depth and breadth of your knowledge, which after all is the goal of testing yourself on these questions. ix Copyright 2002 The McGraw-Hill Companies. Click Here for Terms of Use.