Pathology PreTestTM Self-Assessment and Review Notice Medicine is an ever-changing science. As new research and clinical experience broaden our knowledge, changes in treatment and drug therapy are required. The authors and the publisher of this work have checked with sources believed to be reliable in their efforts to provide information that is complete and generally in accord with the standards accepted at the time of publication. However, in view of the possibility of human error or changes in medical sciences, neither the authors nor the publisher nor any other party who has been involved in the preparation or publication of this work warrants that the information contained herein is in every respect accurate or complete, and they disclaim all responsibility for any errors or omissions or for the results obtained from use of the information contained in this work. Readers are encouraged to confirm the information contained herein with other sources. 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Student Reviewers Jodie Bachman UMDNJ School of Osteopathic Medicine Class of 2011 Andrew Degnan George Washington University Class of 2011 Sheree Perron Eastern Virginia Medical School Class of 2010 Kelvin Young SUNY Upstate Medical University Class of 2010 Contents Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi High-Yield Facts High-Yield Facts in Pathology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 General Pathology Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Answers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Cardiovascular System Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215 Hematology Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265 Respiratory System Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301 Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311 Head and Neck Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327 Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 Gastrointestinal System Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339 Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364 vii viii Contents Urinary System Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403 Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 Reproductive Systems Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431 Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451 Endocrine System Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 477 Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490 Skin Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509 Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521 Musculoskeletal System Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 531 Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540 Nervous System Questions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 555 Answers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567 Bibliography. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 Laboratory Values Substance Source Normal Albumin Serum 3.2-4.5 g/dL Alkaline phosphatase Serum 20-130 IU/L Bicarbonate Plasma 21-28 mM Bilirubin, direct (conjugated) Serum <0.3 mg/dL Bilirubin, indirect (unconjugated) Serum 0.1-1.0 mg/dL Bilirubin, total Serum 0.1-1.2 mg/dL BUN Serum 8-23 mg/dL Calcium Serum 9.2-11.0 mg/dL (4.6-5.5 meq/L) Chloride Serum 95-103 meq/L Cholesterol Serum 150-250 mg/dL Creatinine Serum 0.6-1.2 mg/dL GGT (γ-glutamyltransferase) Serum 5-40 IU/L Glucose (fasting) Serum 70-110 mg/dL Insulin Plasma 4-24 µIU/mL Iron Serum 60-150 µg/dL Iron saturation Serum 20-55% Osmolality Serum 280-295 mosm/L Phosphorus Serum 2.3-4.7 mg/dL Potassium Plasma 3.8-5.0 meq/L Protein Serum 6.0-7.8 g/dL Sodium Plasma 136-142 meq/L T resin uptake Serum 25-38 relative % uptake 3 Thyrotropin (TSH) Serum 0.5-5 µIU/mL Thyroxine, free (FT) Serum 0.9-2.3 ng/dL 4 Thyroxine, total (T) Serum 5.5-12.5 µg/dL 4 Triiodothyronine (T) Serum 80-200 mg/dL 3 Hematology Platelet count 150,000-450,000/µL White cell count 4,440-11,000/µL Lymphocyte count 1,000-4,800/µL (about 34%) Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) 80-96 µm3 Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 27.5-33.2 pg (MCH) Mean corpuscular hemoglobin 33.4-35.5% concentration (MCHC) Hemoglobin Whole blood Female 12-16 g/dL Male 13.5-18 g/dL ix