CLASSICAL PRESENCES GeneralEditors LORNA HARDWICK JAMES I. PORTER CLASSICAL PRESENCES Attemptstoreceivethetexts,images,andmaterialcultureofancientGreece and Rome inevitably run the risk of appropriating the past in order to authenticatethepresent.Exploringthewaysinwhichtheclassicalpasthas beenmappedoverthecenturiesallowsustotracetheavowalanddisavowal of values and identities, old and new. Classical Presences brings the latest scholarship to bear on the contexts, theory, and practice of such use, and abuse,oftheclassicalpast. Pater the Classicist Classical Scholarship, Reception, and Aestheticism EDITED BY Charles Martindale, Stefano Evangelista, and Elizabeth Prettejohn 1 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,3/1/2017,SPi 3 GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford,OX26DP, UnitedKingdom OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwide.Oxfordisaregisteredtrademarkof OxfordUniversityPressintheUKandincertainothercountries ©OxfordUniversityPress2017 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted FirstEditionpublishedin2017 Impression:1 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedin aretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans,withoutthe priorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress,orasexpresslypermitted bylaw,bylicenceorundertermsagreedwiththeappropriatereprographics rightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproductionoutsidethescopeofthe aboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment,OxfordUniversityPress,atthe addressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisworkinanyotherform andyoumustimposethissameconditiononanyacquirer PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyOxfordUniversityPress 198MadisonAvenue,NewYork,NY10016,UnitedStatesofAmerica BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2016948403 ISBN 978–0–19–872341–7 PrintedinGreatBritainby ClaysLtd,StIvesplc LinkstothirdpartywebsitesareprovidedbyOxfordingoodfaithand forinformationonly.Oxforddisclaimsanyresponsibilityforthematerials containedinanythirdpartywebsitereferencedinthiswork. Preface The project that led to this volume began with a two-day interdis- ciplinary workshop ‘Pater the Classicist’ held in 2012 at the University of Bristol, generously supported financially by the Bristol Institute of Greece, Rome, and the Classical Tradition and by the University of Oxford (Passmore Edwards Fund). Our thanks to those supportive institutions. Apart from the contributors to this volume other partici- pants were Elisa Bizzotto, Jason Edwards, David Hopkins, Ian Jenkins, MiriamLeonard, CatherineMaxwell,EllenO’Gorman,RobinOsborne, and Liz Renes. Stephen Bann was unable to attend, but subsequently agreedtowritethe‘Afterword’.Theaimoftheworkshopwastofocuson those writings by Pater that are directly concerned with classical antiquity; these include Plato and Platonism and the essays on Greek artandculture,whichingeneralhavebeenneglectedincomparisonwith hisessaysonmodernliteratureandarthistory,particularlythoseinhis mostcelebratedpublication,TheRenaissance,continuouslyinprintand discussed since Pater’s death. There is as yet no really systematic treat- mentofPaterasaclassicist,eventhoughclassicalliteratureandculture constitutedhismainobjectofstudythroughouthislife.Oneproblemis that today’s classicists (unlike some of their predecessors) rarely write about Pater, while few contemporary Paterians are expert in matters classical. Accordingly the workshop was specifically designed to bring togetherclassicalscholarsandPaterspecialists.Wearedelightedthatas aresult,intwocases,aclassicistandaVictorianistdecidedtocollaborate on a jointly written chapter for our volume. More generally the work- shop encouraged a dialogue across disciplines (Classics, English Litera- ture,ArtHistory,Archaeology,Philosophy),promotingfreshideasand approaches. We hope that this dialogue will continue to bear fruit, something that is essential if the writings by Pater that themselves cross those boundaries are to be properly understood and evaluated. Should this project and publication lead to more work of the kind, we shallindeedbesatisfied. Pater, for years a tutor at Brasenose College, Oxford, was a profes- sionalclassicist(theonlymajorcriticoftheHighVictorianperiodtobe vi PREFACE so), with a particular interest in philosophy. He initially approached antiquity obliquely (for example, through the Italian Renaissance or the poetry of William Morris). Later in his career he wrote more, and more directly, about the ancient world, particularly about his first love Greece, in Marius the Epicurean (centrally concerned with Greek philosophyandculturealongwithLatinliterature,Romanreligion,and earlyChristianity),inPlatoandPlatonism,andintheessayscollectedin Greek Studies. The writings that deal with antiquity treated in this volumeare,intheorderoftheircomposition(withdatesofsubsequent collectionsinbrackets),asfollows: 1867 ‘Winckelmann’(TheRenaissance,1873,1877,1888,1893) 1876 ‘TheMythofDemeterandPersephone’intwoparts(Greek Studies,1895) ‘Romanticism’(retitled‘Postscript’,Appreciations,1889,1890, 1895) ‘AStudyofDionysus’(GS) 1880 ‘TheBeginningsofGreekSculpture’intwoparts(GS) ‘TheMarblesofAegina’(GS) 1885 MariustheEpicurean(revisedlaterin1885,1892) 1886 ‘Denysl’Auxerrois’(ImaginaryPortraits,1887,1890) 1889 ‘TheBacchanalsofEuripides’(GS),probablywrittenc.1876–8 ‘HippolytusVeiled’(GS) 1892 ‘TheGeniusofPlato’;‘AChapteronPlato’;‘Lacedaemon’ (republishedaschapters1,6,8ofPlatoandPlatonism) 1893 PlatoandPlatonism ‘ApolloinPicardy’(MiscellaneousStudies,1895) 1894 ‘TheAgeofAthleticPrizemen’(GS) Thesewritingsrangefromliterarycriticismtoarthistory,archaeology, philosophy,andfiction,toanextentdissolvingthedistinctionsbetween them.Paterengaged,ifofteninacharacteristicallycovertandfelineway, with the views of his Victorian contemporaries, challenging (if only by implication) dominant views on critical and artistic practice, and on religionandmorality,includingsexualmorality.Hewaslateranimport- ant influence, not always fully acknowledged, on many of the major anglophoneModernists,includingWoolf,Joyce,andT.S.Eliot.Andhe hasbeenreclaimedforPostmodernismbyanumberofitsleadingfigures. AllthesevariousPaterswillbeencounteredinthiscollection. PREFACE vii Quotations from the writings of Pater are cited within the text in abbreviatedform(seep.xiforalistofabbreviations).Documentationfor all references and citations is given in full in the notes to individual chapters. (For books, where place of publication is not specified, it is London.) Our volume also contains, at the end, a specially compiled general bibliography on the subject: this provides overall guidance on publications about Pater the classicist. For classical names, wherever possible,weusePater’sownspellings. Our project is particularly timely, since Oxford University Press has commissioned a new multi-volume Pater edition, which is bound to provokeincreasedinterestinhiswritings.PatertheClassicistisdesigned toappealtostudentsofphilosophy,arthistory,andliterature(especially intheVictorianperiod),aswellasthoseinterestedinclassicalreception (currentlythefastest-growingpartofClassics,atleastintheUK),where there is considerable attention paid at the moment to the Victorian period.ThereisalsomuchinterestinPaterbeyondBritain,aswitnessed by The Reception of Walter Pater in Europe edited by Stephen Bann, whose ‘Afterword’ concludes our book (there are modern French and Italian editions of Greek Studies, and a French edition of Plato and Platonism, though as yet no English ones!). As both a theorist and a distinguishedpractitionerofclassicalreception,Paterisalmostuniquely suited to be the subject of a volume in the Classical Presences series. Reflecting the broad range of Pater’s interests, our list of contributors cutsacrossdisciplinaryboundaries,bringingtogetherclassicists,literary critics, art historians, and philosophers. The team is fully international, withcontributorsfromNorthAmerica,theUK,andcontinentalEurope, composed of scholars at the beginning of their careers as well as those who are fully established. We hope that this inclusive, outward-facing approachwouldhavemetwiththeapprovalofthatmostcosmopolitan ofwritersonantiquityandtheclassicaltradition:WalterHoratioPater. CharlesMartindale StefanoEvangelista ElizabethPrettejohn YorkandOxford,2016 OUPCORRECTEDPROOF–FINAL,3/1/2017,SPi Contents Abbreviations xi ListofContributors xiii Introduction:PaterandAntiquity 1 CharlesMartindale Part 1. Classics and Classicism IntroductiontoPart1 31 1. PaterasProfessionalClassicist 33 IsobelHurst 2. PatertheTranslator 47 BénédicteCoste 3. Pater’s‘Winckelmann’:AestheticCriticism andClassicalReception 63 StefanoEvangelistaandKatherineHarloe 4. EternalMoment:PaterontheTemporality oftheClassicalIdealinArt 81 WhitneyDavis Part 2. Fictions IntroductiontoPart2 101 5. TibullusinMariustheEpicurean:orHowtoRead Pater’sFiction 103 DuncanKennedy 6. MarcustheStoicinMariustheEpicurean 121 RichardRutherford 7. ASearchforHome:TheRepresentationofthe DomesticinMariustheEpicurean 135 ShelleyHales