Anglo-Saxon Studies 6 PASTORAL CARE IN LATE ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND Thetenthandeleventhcenturiessawanumberofverysignificantdevelop- mentsinthehistoryoftheEnglishChurch,perhapsthemostsignificantbeing theproliferationoflocalchurches,whichweretobethebasisofthemodern parochial system. Using evidence from homilies, canon law, saints’ lives, and liturgical and penitential sources, the articles collected in this volume focus on the ways in which such developments were reflected in pastoral care,consideringwhatitconsistedofatthistime,howitwasprovidedandby whom.Startingwithaninvestigationofthesecularclergy,theirrecruitment and patronage, the papers move on to examine a variety of aspects of late Anglo-Saxon pastoral care, including church due payments, preaching, baptism, penance, confession, visitation of the sick and archaeological evidence of burial practice. Special attention is paid to the few surviving manuscriptswhicharelikelytohavebeenusedinthefieldandtheevidence they provide for the context, the actions and the verbal exchanges which characterised pastoral provisions. DrFRANCESCATINTIhasworkedasResearchAssociatefortheProsopog- raphy of Anglo-Saxon England at the University of Cambridge. She is a Fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge and currently lectures in medieval historyattheUniversityofBologna. Anglo-Saxon Studies ISSN 1475–2468 General Editors John Hines Catherine Cubitt Volume 1: The Dramatic Liturgy of Anglo-Saxon England M. Bradford Bedingfield Volume 2: The Art of the Anglo-Saxon Goldsmith: Fine Metalwork in Anglo-Saxon England: its Practice and Practitioners Elizabeth Coatsworth and Michael Pinder Volume 3: The Ruler Portraits of Anglo-Saxon England Catherine E. Karkov Volume 4: Dying and Death in Late Anglo-Saxon England Victoria Thompson Volume 5: Landscapes of Monastic Foundation: The Establishment of Religious Houses in East Anglia, c.650–1200 Tim Pestell ‘Anglo-SaxonStudies’aimstoprovideaforumforthebestscholarship ontheAnglo-SaxonpeoplesintheperiodfromtheendofRomanBritain totheNormanConquest,includingcomparativestudiesinvolvingadja- cent populations and periods; both new research and major re-assessments of central topics are welcomed. Originally founded by Professor David Dumville as ‘Studies in Anglo-SaxonHistory’,theserieshasnowbroadenedinscopeundernew editorshiptotakeinanyoneoftheprincipaldisciplinesofarchaeology, art history, history, language and literature, and inter- or multi- disciplinary studies are encouraged. Proposals or enquiries may be sent directly to the editors or the publisher at the addresses given below; all submissions will receive prompt and informed consideration. Professor John Hines, Cardiff School of History and Archaeology, Cardiff University, Colum Drive, Cardiff, Wales, UK CF10 3EU Dr Catherine Cubitt, Centre for Medieval Studies, University of York, The King’s Manor, York, England, UK YO1 7EP Boydell&Brewer,POBox9,Woodbridge,Suffolk,England,UKIP12 3DF PASTORAL CARE IN LATE ANGLO-SAXON ENGLAND Edited by Francesca Tinti THE BOYDELL PRESS © Editor and Contributors 2005 All Rights Reserved.Except as permitted under current legislation no part of this work may be photocopied, stored in a retrieval system, published, performed in public, adapted, broadcast, transmitted, recorded or reproduced in any form or by any means, without the prior permission of the copyright owner The right of the Contributors to be identified as the authors of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 First published 2005 The Boydell Press, Woodbridge ISBN 1 84383 156 2 The Boydell Press is an imprint of Boydell & Brewer Ltd PO Box 9, Woodbridge, Suffolk IP12 3DF, UK and of Boydell & Brewer Inc. 668 Mt Hope Avenue, Rochester, NY 14620, USA website: www.boydellandbrewer.com A CIP catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pastoral care in late Anglo-Saxon England / edited by Francesca Tinti. p. cm. – (Anglo-Saxon studies, ISSN 1475–2468 ; 6) Summary: “The role of pastoral care reconsidered in the context of major changes within the Anglo-Saxon church” – Provided by publisher. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1–84383–156–2 (hardcover : alk. paper) 1. Pastoral theology – England – History. 2. Pastoral care – England – History. 3. England – Church history. I. Tinti, Francesca, 1971– II. Title. III. Series. BV4011.P3453 2005 253’.0942’09021–dc22 2005005792 This publication is printed on acid-free paper Typeset by Pru Harrison, Hacheston, Suffolk Printed in Great Britain by Antony Rowe Ltd, Chippenham, Wiltshire Contents List of illustrations vi List of contributors vii Abbreviations viii Introduction 1 FRANCESCA TINTI 1 The clergy in English dioceses c. 900–c. 1066 17 JULIA BARROW 2 The ‘costs’ of pastoral care: church dues in late Anglo-Saxon England 27 FRANCESCA TINTI 3 Ælfric in Dorset and the landscape of pastoral care 52 JONATHAN WILCOX 4 Is there any evidence for the liturgy of parish churches in late Anglo- 63 Saxon England? The Red Book of Darley and the status of Old English HELEN GITTOS 5 Remedies for ‘great transgressions’: penance and excommunication in 83 late Anglo-Saxon England SARAH HAMILTON 6 The pastoral contract in late Anglo-Saxon England: priest and parishioner 106 in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MS Laud Miscellaneous 482 VICTORIA THOMPSON 7 Caring for the dead in late Anglo-Saxon England 121 DAWN M. HADLEY and JO BUCKBERRY Index 148 Illustrations 1. Mandible from the execution cemetery at Walkington Wold (Yorks) 129 2. Tenth- to twelfth-century burials at Barrow-upon-Humber (Lincs) 133 3. Tenth-century burial from Pontefract (Yorks) 134 4. A coffined burial of tenth- or eleventh-century date from Swinegate, York 135 5. Reconstruction of a coffin lock from a tenth-century burial at York Minster 136 6. Late Anglo-Saxon burial at Fillingham (Lincs) 137 7. Sculpture from Weston (Yorks) 141 8. Tenth-century sculptures from northern England 142 vi Contributors Julia Barrow, University of Nottingham Jo Buckberry, University of Bradford Helen Gittos, University of Southampton Dawn M. Hadley, University of Sheffield Sarah Hamilton, University of Exeter Francesca Tinti, University of Cambridge Victoria Thompson, New York University in London and Birkbeck College, London Jonathan Wilcox, University of Iowa vii Abbreviations ASE Anglo-Saxon England B W. De G. Birch, ed.,Cartularium Saxonicum(London 1885–99), 3 vols BAR British Archaeological Reports CBA Council for British Archaeology CCSL Corpus Christianorum Series Latina Councils D. Whitelock, M. Brett and C.N.L. Brooke, ed.,Councils and and Synods Synods with other Documents Relating to the English Church I: AD 871–1204, 2 vols (Oxford, 1981) EEMF Early English Manuscripts in Facsimile EETS Early English Text Society EME Early Medieval Europe K J.M. Kemble,Codex Diplomaticus Aevi Saxonici, 6 vols (London, 1839–48) MGH Monumenta Germaniae Historica os original series PL Patrologiae cursus completus, series latina, ed. J.-P. Migne (Paris, 1844–64) S P. Sawyer,Anglo-Saxon Charters: an Annotated List and Bibli- ography(London, 1968) ss supplementary series viii Introduction Francesca Tinti ‘Pastoralcare’isnoteasytodefine.Thephrasecanbestretchedtoaccommodate differentdefinitions,whichobviouslydependonthehistoricalperiodforwhichit isused.Ingeneraltermsitcanbeemployedtorefertoalltheactivitiescarriedout by the clergy to assist and support the spiritual life of the laity.1 The adjective ‘pastoral’ derives from the image of the shepherd used in both the Old and the NewTestamentsasametaphorforGod’scontinuousloveandcareofHispeople. Sacramentshavealwayshadaspecialplaceamongtheactivitiesandtheliturgical celebrationswhichconstitutepastoralcare,althoughintheearlyMiddleAgesthe doctrine regulating them was still rather fluid. As will emerge from the articles contained in this volume, late Anglo-Saxon sources give special attention to baptism, penance and visitation of the sick. Pastoral care, however, also comprised other more common tasks and activities, such as preaching. It had a crucialroleinsomanyimportantfacetsofpeople’slivesthatastudyofthistopic necessarily leads to a more general appreciation of the role of the Church in society as a whole. The publication of this volume stems from one fundamental premise: late Anglo-Saxon pastoral care deserves to be studied for its own sake. For a long time, in fact, the evidence for tenth- and eleventh-century Church organisation and delivery of pastoral care has been treated as a useful tool to be employed regressively, that is, to try to reconstruct the situation in the earlier period, for whichtheevidenceisnoticeablyscarcer.Thisseemstohavebeenparticularlythe casewiththosepublicationswhich,abouttenyearsago,ledtothedevelopmentof the so-called ‘minster debate’.2 The debate arose following the emergence – during the late 1980s and the early 1990s – of a specific hypothesis about the 1 GilesConstablehasdefinedpastoralcareas‘theperformanceofthoseceremoniesthatwereconsidered centraltothesalvationoftheindividualChristianandthatweretheprimaryresponsibilityofordained priestsworkinginparishchurchesunderthesupervisionofthediocesanbishoporhisrepresentative’: G. Constable, ‘Monasteries, rural churches and the cura animarum in the early Middle Ages’, in Cristianizzazioneedorganizzazioneecclesiasticadellecampagnenell’altomedioevo:espansionee resistenze,Settimanedistudiodelcentroitalianodistudisull’altomedioevo28(Spoleto,1982),pp. 349–89, at p. 353. 2 E.CambridgeandD.Rollason,‘Debate:thepastoralorganizationoftheAnglo-SaxonChurch:areview oftheMinsterHypothesis’,EME4.1(1995),pp.87–104;J.Blair,‘Debate:ecclesiasticalorganization and pastoral care in Anglo-Saxon England’,EME4.2 (1995), pp. 193–212. 1