PAST LIFE – PRESENT MISSION: the relevance of Celtic Christianity to urban mission Philip Evens Introduction This booklet considers how the past can inform the present by describing how principles and practices of Celtic Christianity were applied in the Birmingham parish of St Edmunds Tyseley during the ten year period when I was its vicar (19891999). Why we started There were three main reasons why we came to apply aspects of Celtic Christianity to this disadvantaged urban parish. The first was my lifelong involvement in working class communities. Second, was the approach to ministry at St Edmunds, that of an extended Christian family committed to being a church for their community. This concern was expressed through an experimental Neighbourhood Project that we called StEdicare – Tyseley. StEdicare created an environment where, by the mid 1990s, we were motivated to search for a fresh and relevant set of Christian mission principles that applied both to our own lifestyle and were relevant to the local community. Third, in my own spiritual journey I had begun to explore Celtic Christianity. Roots In ‘Wholeness through Christ’ prayer counselling a focus on my Christian radicalism emerged, which linked it to a deep sense of loss of land in my family history. Our sense was that this related to Celtic and Highland forbears and to the Highland land clearances. The reasons for this sense of loss had been forgotten over time but the radical attitude it implanted remained across the generations. This link between a personal Celtic heritage and my current Christian practice led me to undertake two personal pilgrimages. Firstly, to the island of Lismore where I discovered the opportunity for reflection and dialogue with God afforded by Celtic Christian sites. Secondly, a six week ‘pilgrimage of discovery’ which started at Iona, finished at Holy Island and involved travelling and camping in a small diesel van. This personal journey of discovering Celtic Christian sites became linked to my parish ministry and Christian radicalism in Urban Priority Areas through the ‘Woven Cord’ programme that is outlined in this book. Coupled with this were a series of visions, regular Bible teaching, social action in Tysley, and academic study of Celtic Christianity. It has been an immense privilege to minister among those who the Celtic Christians would have seen as the “hewers of wood and drawers of water” and who I view as the ‘salt of the earth’. What we did Fourteen Principles of Celtic Christianity were identified through Michael Mitton’s Restoring the Woven Cord: Strands of Celtic Christianity for the Church Today. These were checked for authenticity through a critique of Celtic Christian literature and historical examination of the Christian life style of three 4 th 6 th century Celtic Saints and of the evolving 6t h century structures of monasticism and wandering pilgrimage (peregrinatio). These principles were then studied by various groups within St Edmunds and their responses analysed. The ‘Woven Cord’ programme aimed to act as a prerequisite for mission within Tyseley by encouraging the growth of participants’ spirituality. The results showed that 80% of the people in these groups responded positively to the principles and practice of Celtic Christianity and transferred to their life style much of its approach to spirituality. This booklet looks at how and why that happened. It is my hope that this can provide a blueprint for using Celtic Christianity within urban mission in a way that enables the past to bring the present to life. 2 Chapter 1: The principles and practices of Celtic Christianity In his book Restoring the Woven Cord1 Michael Mitton identifies fourteen Biblical Themes that became the background frame of reference at St Edmund’s Tysley for our own ‘Woven Cord’ programme. Mitton’s choice of themes and their content seemed to me to be a populist set of material about Celtic Christianity and were, as a result, appropriate to urban priority area residents and their nonbook culture. Whilst not exhaustive, the principles and examples of practice within Mitton’s themes provide an overview of key aspects of how Christianity was practised in Celtic areas during the 4 th 7 th centuries AD. The result is a collection that synthesises this wideranging material into a set of principles and practice about Celtic Christianity as found in Celtic lands. 1. The Authenticity, Simplicity and Holiness of Celtic Christian Living These characteristics were widely found in the lives of individual Christians and within the Monastic system. Celtic Christians practised humility and a gentle approach to people, encouraging them toward commitment to Christ, baptism and confirmation. Established Christians were nurtured and established in their faith and led into discipleship. Much of what we know is based on monastic living where monks and those not under vows accepted a disciplined cycle of daily prayer, creative activity and work. Nora Chadwick summed up this Principle as reflected in the Sancti: “We see in their gentle way of life, their austere monastic settlements and their island retreats, the personalities of their saints, and the tradition of their poetry, which expresses the Christian ideal with a sanctity and a sweetness which have never been surpassed and perhaps only equalled by the ascetics of the eastern desert.” 2 Even Wilfred who spoke for the European Church of Rome at the Synod of Whitby in AD 664, referred to Celtic Christians as people “who in their rude simplicity loved God with pious intent.” 2. The Centrality of the Bible in the life of the Celtic Church Celtic Christians were deeply dependent on the Bible, accepting it directly and with much spiritual intuition. Their beliefs and way of living were moulded by Scripture. This is profoundly illustrated in Patrick’s ‘Confession’ and his lorica prayers. Patrick saw himself as an Ambassador for Christ within a hostile and changing world (Ephesians 6.20). He witnessed the power of the resurrection to change and transform peoples’ lives. Patrick’s personal faith reflected his commitment to the Bible. Similarly, Aidan taught all his faith sharing teams to memorise scripture as they travelled. Within the monastic system there was a deep immersion in the study of Scripture and its scribal writings. The Book of Kells, the Lindisfarne Gospels and the High Standing Crosses illustrate the Celts love of the Scriptures. This helped the growth of spirituality and an orthodox living out of the faith. 3. The Importance of Children within the Celtic Christian Family This was particularly illustrated in the Lindisfarne monastic and mission approach under Aidan. He took children in his monastery for training and teaching in the faith including four AngloSaxon boys, Cedd, Cynebil, Caelin and Chad, who became influential as adults. This is the first recorded example of a school for boys. The Lindisfarne mission base included a wide range of life experience that included: teaching and preparing children and adults for life as monks; memorising Scripture; a daily rhythm of prayer and worship; English and Latin was taught; helping on evangelistic missions; learning and living the life of faith; and an underlying expectation that children would encounter God in experiential ways. Numbers of Celtic Saints first emerged as young people responding to a call from God. Columba was an example. As a teenager he asked God for three virtues: Chastity (i.e. Celibacy); Wisdom; Opportunity for Peregrinatio. Cuthbert was the subject of a prophetic forecast about his future whilst 3 still a boy. Later as Prior of Melrose he used to take a young boy on pastoral and evangelistic visits to neighbouring villages. 4. The Embracing Nature of Christian Community within Monastic life Iona, under the direction and control of Columba was an outstanding example. At one time over a thousand monks lived in its community. The monastic rules and cycle of worship involved everyone and great skills emerged in scribal writing of religious texts, liturgy and worship. There was much involvement in missionary evangelism stemming from its strong community base. These characteristics were reflected in most Celtic monasteries. Bede suggested that “The Ionian community was characterised by their purity of life, love of God and loyalty to the monastic rules.” 3 5. The Sense of Unity within Creation The Celtic Church had a creation affirming spirituality. Christians looked for and expected to see signs of God’s presence within creation and their daily lives. Celtic Churches were aware of the damage done to creation by sin. Their standing crosses were signs of God’s redeeming work in the heart of His wonderful but damaged creation. This prevented a dualism between nature and humanity emerging. 6. Creativity and Spiritual Gift within the Christian Community The lives of such as Ninian, Patrick and Columba demonstrated the presence and acceptance of spiritual gift among Christian people. At the centre of this openness to God’s gift to His people, lay a Spirit of outstanding creativeness. Caedman, for example, was an uneducated lay monk who was given the gift of Christian songs. The gift of song writing for him was not merely a technical gift, but one that was of a spiritual nature that blessed and inspired others. The music and poetry of the Celtic Church was transmitted orally, and was influenced by the sounds of the natural world of creation. There was a beauty of language, a freshness of imagery and a depth of piety within the creativeness that surrounded spiritual gifts among Celtic Christians. This was particularly illustrated in Patrick’s ‘Loricas’; Columba’s poems and Carmichael's documentary of ancient Hebridean songs and poems from oral sources that were lost in historical time.4 7. The Ever Present Fact of Death and the Presence of the Dead Many illnesses in Celtic times frequently led to death. The Plague could afflict whole communities, as could tribal warfare. The knowledge of redemption through Christ and belief in the resurrection were key teachings, together with the reality of Heaven and Hell. To many this represented the only hope they had. The sanctity of special places was significant and behind lay the belief in immortality. Death was seen as a connecting point between the world of Heaven and Earth. Drythelm was a devout man who had a detailed, near death, visionary experience whilst in the grip of the Plague. He was returned “from the grasp of death.” Drythelm shared his experience with many others, of how he was led by an angel to see something both of Heaven and Hell. Drythelm became a monk at Melrose and his ministry led to many conversions. He is an example of a missionary monk committed to evangelism. The place of burial was significant to the Celtic Christians. They saw it as a place where the prayers of the saints in Heaven had particular effect. 4 Weathered wood On my personal Celtic Pilgrimage of Discovery I was, at one point, on a beach in South Uist, one of the Western Isles, way out in the Atlantic Ocean. It was low tide. There was a great sense of the Presence of God. A sense of a massive God whose Presence provided the wonderful world that I was perceiving and responding to. At the water's edge I saw a little wooden object, a piece of weathered wood that looked like a dolphin. As I picked it up and considered it – there, at low tide, left by the mighty Atlantic I felt it was a symbol of a mighty God who has limitless power and resources. A God who works in our lives to get rid of the rubbish and the unnecessary baggage, rather like this piece of weathered wood where all the soft wood had rotted away leaving only the hardwood and a unique shape. So, the God whose presence could be felt in our lives sends us, or allows us, to go through deep waters that we might become like this piece of weathered hardwood. Some time later a member of St Edmund’s Tysley had a major operation, which we knew was serious. Her husband suggested a particular time for me to visit in hospital. I felt at such a loss to know how to respond and, in the end, took this little symbol of God's presence, His love and His way of working in our lives and gave it to this lady, explaining how and where I got it. From that point on it remained with her until the Lord took her to be with him. On at least one occasion whilst she was in hospital she told her doctors what this object symbolised for her. Her funeral occurred part way through the ‘Woven Cord’ programme and was a moment at which members of St Edmund’s realised that, as with Celtic Christians, they were open to the reality and nearness of death and the presence of the spiritual world in a way that was not apparent in the surrounding community. 8. The Importance of Evangelistic Mission with the Good News of Christ This was one of the central concerns of the monastic church in the Celtic lands, and its outpouring of trained monks to go on wandering pilgrimage. Patrick practised a wideranging peripatetic ministry involving much journeying to remote areas in Ireland. Patrick believed he was living in end times. To reach the Irish people “who lived on the edge of the world” was for him an urgent task. He witnessed to the power of the resurrection to change and transform people’s lives. He defended his ministry in his ‘Confession’: “I, though ignorant, may in these last days attempt to approach this work, so pious and wonderful that I may imitate some of those the Lord long ago predicted should preach this gospel for a testimony to all nations (Matthew 24v14), before the end of the world.” 5 9. The Reality of Christian Healing and Miracles The majority of Celtic Saints were deeply involved in this type of ministry. An example was John of Beverley who overflowed with the Presence of the Holy Spirit and whose ministry was noted for its miracles. Ninian prayed for healing of people together with the laying on of hands. Martin Wallace referred to Ninian as “someone who not only believed, but practised the power of prayer to protect, heal, pardon and release.”6 We should nevertheless note that many Celtic Saints prayed for other New Testament gifts that are not fashionable today e.g. the gift of celibacy or poverty. 10. The Acceptance of the Ministry of Women Some women were very influential within the Celtic Church. A primary example was that of Hilda, Abbess of Whitby. Both priests and bishops were under her authority. Brigid who founded a famous monastery in Ireland at Kildare and became its Abbess, was another example of influential ministry by a woman. Kildare was a centre where Christ was exalted, and the light of the gospel was taken out into the pagan community. It is important to note with this Theme, that the women who became leaders in the Celtic world generally or within a Christian community were usually from aristocratic families. A woman at that social level could be elected as Chief of a Tribe, or be the leader of a warband, or an Abbess. Certain monasteries such as Iona were for males only and were based on celibacy. Other monasteries were double monasteries where monks and nuns lived within the one community. Within such monasteries there was a general acceptance of women. In that respect, Celtic Christian attitudes towards women seemed softer than that of the European Church of Rome. One of the longer term consequences of the Synod of Whitby was that Celtic openness to a wider role for women within 5 Christian living; was stifled by the establishment of the Roman Church approach after 664 AD and its Synod of Whitby. 11. The Place and Importance of Prayer in the life of Celtic Christians Patrick was an influential example that illustrates the daily relationship between prayer and evangelism. His prayer life deepened his love for God. His faith was strengthened and his spirit stirred. Prayer was often linked to ascetic practices, particularly with monks who became hermits in remote areas. For them a disciplined prayer life also involved celibacy and fasting. Patrick wrote, “I prayed frequently during the day. The love of God and the fear of Him increased more and more and faith became stronger and the Spirit was stirred, the Spirit was then fervent within me.” Columba had the reputation he would not spend one hour without including study, prayer or writing. 12. The Place of Prophecy and Awareness of God’s Will Fursey had a travelling ministry in Ireland, then a wandering pilgrimage to the east coast of Britain from 633 AD. He experienced extraordinary visions where he saw the fires of falsehood, covetousness, discord and cruelty. This gift strengthened the effectiveness of his ministry. Patrick is another example as reflected through his eight major visions. His first vision, which was his call back to Ireland, is illustrative: ”And I saw, indeed in the bosom of the night, a man coming as it were from Ireland. Victorious by name, with innumerable letters, he gave me one ... And while I was reading aloud I heard a voice ‘we entreat thee, holy youth, that thou come and henceforth walk among us.’” To the Celtic Christian, the material and immaterial, the visible and invisible, the physical and spiritual, were dimensions that interpenetrated each other. Spiritual Visions From the beginning of January 1996, for a period of at least eight to ten weeks I received a series of visionary experiences, some of which reached a climax before a PCC Away Day. For the previous 40 years since I became an adult, I had had a few visionary experiences, six to eight at the most, so they were very occasional. I would describe them as being able to enter into the spiritual dimension that surrounded a current situation. In the past and again now, they involved descriptive awareness about the people in the vision, and their actions. The majority related developmentally to where I was ‘at’, including a limited prophetic discernment about my future. Three days before the PCC Away Day I awoke late into the night and the matter of the Away Day came strongly to mind. I was aware of God’s Presence and being in the spiritual dimension. I then had visionary pictures of five people who would be attending the Away Day. Each picture was clear and the sense or meaning of the vision was definite. In addition the sense was somehow impressed upon me that the Lord wanted to look at our pattern of relationships as His people at St. Edmund’s. At the afternoon session of the Away Day, I shared generally about thevisionary experience. After discussion, everyone agreed that if ‘they’ were one of the five, they would be willing for the vision to be openly shared. This then took place, and it was a deeply moving experience. It was experiential in terms of the awareness of God’s Presence walking amongst His people. This led immediately into a service of Holy Communion. It was clear that one central action of the Lord in this matter was to put His hand on our relationships, our need to change in specific ways and to be able to receive spiritual gifts from Him. Inevitably, any spiritual challenge about relationships and what we are deep within, can make us feel vulnerable but what the Lord was offering through the pain was precious and was linked to our potential. 13. The Reality of the Powers of Evil and the Acceptance of Spiritual Battle There was a strong awareness amongst Celtic Christians of this reality, and the significance of the need for spiritual protection. Examples include, Illtyd and Cuthbert. To Illtyd the Christian was involved 6 in conflict with demons and the powers of darkness. Creation was good and benevolent; but equally it was a world marred by evil spirits. Cuthbert was another example with his deliverance ministry engaged in spiritual battle with demons on the Farne Islands. The Celtic Church took seriously the darkness found within their world. They developed prayerful ways of protecting themselves from its influence, but also delivering people and land from the power of evil. The Celtic Church had this ability to hold together an acceptance of the forces of the dark as well as the light. Ascetic practices often formed the backcloth for those involved in such conflict. 14. The Living Reality of the Holy Spirit The ‘Confession’ of Patrick is filled with the involvement of the Holy Spirit. To Patrick, it was God who had initiated the process of his conversion and sanctification. The Holy Spirit also communicated with him through visions and dreams. Brendan, part of Columba’s group and one of the so called twelve Apostles of Ireland, was filled with the restless spirit of adventure and wandering pilgrimage. His “Voyage of Brendan” with fourteen monks reflected the openness to God’s Spirit reflected within their wandering pilgrimage. The story of their voyage integrates love for creation; a desire to bless others who they met on their journey with the faith; and a longing to reach the place of their own spiritual resurrection i.e. their place of spiritual rightness with God. This was the ultimate personal experience in their wandering pilgrimage. The reality of the Spiritual Presence of the Holy Spirit was central to that experience. 7 Chapter 2: The Celtic Saints: what can we know and how? “Interest in and admiration for Celtic Christianity is booming. Books pour off the press telling the stories of 5 th and 6t h century British and Irish saints … offering a Celtic model of mission and church organisation … The appeal seems to extend across the theological and denominational spectrum, and well beyond the company of Christian believers, New Agers, postmodernists, liberals, feminists, environmentalists, evangelicals and charismatics identify with Celtic Christianity and call for a recovery of its key principles today.” 7 The publishing fraternity has responded with “everything from weighty tomes on Celtic consciousness to some poor attempts at retelling ancient Celtic myths and legends”. 8 But these often create as much fog as light. How sure could we be sure then that Mitton’s fourteen themes accurately describe Celtic Christianity? Issues The romanticism and trendy nature of some contemporary literature on Celtic Christianity can obscure what the Celtic Christians actually believed9 while interpretations of the historical data can often be subjective reflections of established Church traditions. Patrick Thomas refers to a TV commentator’s comment during George Carey’s enthronement as Archbishop of Canterbury that “the new Archbishop was the successor of St Augustine who brought Christianity to Britain in 597 AD”. Thomas comments, “it was the kind of statement calculated to make Welsh, Irish and Scottish hackles rise, as there were Christians in Britain long before St Augustine’s mission”. 10 Similarly, Basil Hume suggests that the deeper issue which lay behind the discussions about the date of Easter at the Synod of Whitby was this: “was the Christian Church in this Island going to be separate from the universal Church and develop along its own lines, or was it going to be part of the universal Church accepting the authority of the successor of Saint Peter?”1 1 The Synod of Whitby was actually the point at which the Celtic Church of the north and west was forced to bend the ecclesiastical knee to the Roman ‘Catholic’ (meaning universal) Church of the south. Hume’s historical perspective, therefore, is associated with a traditional belief system that claims dogmatic authority for the Roman Church and its claim of universal jurisdiction, which it certainly did not have in the 7 th century AD. Instead, as F. E. Warren clearly asserted: “[The Celtic Church was] orthodox (catholic), independent of Rome. Part of a vast communion existing in Britain and Ireland from which it expressed its mission to the Teutonic tribes of the continent. Its claims to Catholicity ignored or impugned by the European Church of Rome.”1 2 Many writers insist that the heart of any indepth understanding of Celtic Christianity and its spirituality is not merely intellectual or academic but is experiential. Esther De Waal suggests that: “The Celtic way of seeing the world … cannot be understood only in cerebral terms. It speaks to the heart, is closer to poetry and like poetry, it must remain ultimately illusive. You can come in, You can come in a long way – But you won’t be inside.”1 3 However, this approach too can lead to total subjectivity. Mackey, for example, reveals that his assessment of the various papers for his book on Celtic Christianity was based on “whatever seems to reverberate within some depths of my own Celtic consciousness as that too has been formed by my learning and use from my earliest childhood of the Irish language that repository of a total and ancient culture”.1 4 Elizabeth Culling berates Mackey for this specific inconsistency in historical objectivity saying: “If this kind of criterion is used to sift the evidence of history subjectivity takes over … A writer like Mackey is free to build up a picture of Celtic Christianity as characterised by a theology which excludes original sin and a natural world which is ‘altogether good and salvific’ for ‘the Celtic mentality’”.1 5 Ninian The problem of source material is illustrated in considering the life and work of Ninian at Whithorn, as there is no documentary or source evidence until about 300 years after his death. Charles Thomas suggests the following approach to achieve a level of historical critique about the Celtic Saints: 8 • Establish the primary sources: The visible and tangible ones e.g. St Patrick’s written “Confession” and “Letter to Coroticus” or the inscribed Latinus Stone of Whithorn and the stones found at Kirkmadrine, which are equivalent to contemporary and authoritative documents. • Secondary sources usually based on oral traditions: Such as Bede’s comments about Ninian and Whithorn 300 years later or the 8th century “Miracula” poem which refers to the Whithorn period. • Tertiary sources: These include peripheral allusions to Whithorn in the Irish context, the Medieval life by Aelred, the lengthy ecclesiology of Whithorn, and the whole body of commentary most of which has occurred during the last forty years. 16 An informed and culturally sensitive understanding of Celtic history must therefore be a prerequisite to entering into an experiential awareness of these ancient ways of thinking and acting. A point illustrated by the example of Ian Bradley who acknowledges that his early book The Celtic Way 17 reflected the romantic approach that he now rejects. Nevertheless he suggests: “If Celtic Christianity, however reconstructed and reshaped, can help us not just to dream but put our dream into reality by changing ourselves and our world and moving forward in imitation of Christ and toward the kingdom of God, then … it is its ultimate justification.”1 8 This is a summary of the hopes and vision that lay behind our approach at St Edmunds based on the belief that “the distinctive voice of the early indigenous Christian Communities of the British Isles speaks to us through all the layers of distortion and fabrication with which it has been overlaid". 19 Ninian is a good example of this occurring, as is the following material on Patrick, Columba, monasticism and peregrinatio. Patrick According to the best estimates Patrick lived from 390to 461 AD. Much literature about Patrick agrees that at age 16 he was captured by Irish (Scotti) raiders who returned with him to Ireland where he was enslaved, and used as a herdsman. Separated from his family, Patrick responded to the Christian faith becoming deeply committed to prolonged and intense prayer. Six years later he escaped from Ireland by ship to the Continent, but was eventually able to return to Britannia and his home. Whilst in his home environment, he had a dream that called him back to Ireland to preach Christ there and engage in mission. The Annals of Ulster record Patrick’s arrival in Ireland as 432 AD. O’Laoghaire records the fact that less than 100 years after Patrick the structure of the Church in Ireland had become Celtic monastic, not Roman Diocesan. The subsequent wide scale emergence in Ireland of Celtic Monasticism linked to the rural, tribal system was based on Abbots who governed them. Bishops were often part of the monastery but rarely in control. This became the established model throughout Celtic Christian areas rather than the European Roman Diocesan model. In his exploration of Patrick’s evangelistic method John Riordian analyses and evaluates Patrick’s handling of Christian belief as an evangelistic offer within the worldview of those who were living within Druid belief. Following Riordain’s argument, I suggest that we need to change the view that Patrick was a RomanoBriton who failed to convert Ireland to the Roman Diocesan approach, even though he subsequently became the Patron Saint of Ireland. Rather, he should be regarded as an outstanding Celtic Evangelist. Riordain begins by pointing out that in Irish Druid culture “the Celtic understanding of reality, the gods and goddesses inhabited the hills, the mounds, the megalithic tombs, the lakes, the rivers and woods. The entire world was enveloped in a sort of nature faith. People were always in contact with the other world, the world of the supernatural. It was invisible but around one at all times and could certainly manifest itself at any moment.”2 0 Riordain then discusses an episode outlined in the “Tripartite Life of Patrick”, which throws light on Patrick’s “missionary approach to a people surrounded by so many gods and goddesses”. 21 Patrick meets two daughters of Laoghaire at the well of Clibach near Rathcrochan the Royal seat of Connacht. As they wash their hair in the well, Patrick and his clerics walked by in white robes. Not having seen them before, the Princesses think they are of the “Tuatha De Danann” (i.e. mythological Celtic gods and goddesses). Patrick starts to share his religion with them.When the eldest girl Eithane finds place to speak, she has a lot of questions for missionary Patrick: 9 “Who is God? and Where is God? Of whom is God? And where is his dwelling? Has he sons and daughters? Gold and silver This God of yours? Is he ever living? Is he Beautiful? Was his son fostered by many? Are his daughters dear and beautiful to the men of the world? Is he in heaven Or on earth In the sea, in the rivers, In the mountains In the valleys? Speak to us Tidings of Him? How will He be seen? How is He loved? How is He found? Is it in youth Or old age He is found?” Riordain suggests that in this series of questions Eithane is naturally thinking in terms of Druid religion, the Tuath De Danann faith. He notes that Patrick’s response does not contradict her. Indeed he endorses, while reforming and transcending her own assumptions. Patrick’s response is to present to Eithane and her companions a revised worldview: “Our God is the God of all things, The God of Heaven and Earth The God of the sea and the streams The God of the sun, moon and stars, The God of the great high mountains and the deep glens. The God above heaven, in heaven and under heaven, And he has a household, heaven and earth, and the sea and all that they contain.” This is in contrast to the Druid impersonal concept of Nuirt. He unfolds the mystery of the God of all things, revealed in the person of Christ2 2: “The ancient religion far from being obliterated has in fact blossomed into its fullness. Having gone through the impersonal stages of ‘Nuirt’ and the semipersonal deification of nature, it reveals its full development in the incarnation. Nothing has been lost along the way and God is still as near as ever.”2 3 Riordain suggests that “...if one is to understand Celtic religion and its spirituality … it is necessary to appreciate that continuity of thought”. Patrick’s basic approach to evangelism was not to argue or ‘put down’ the Druidic beliefs of the people, but to show them Christianity as a better way that brought fulfilment to their patterns of belief and world view. Columba Columba was born in Donegal, Ireland, of royal stock. As a young boy he was fostered by a priest who prepared him for the priesthood. Later, under St Finnian he studied at the Monastery of Molville (Leinster). After ordination he spent 15 years preaching and teaching in Ireland and founded a number of monasteries including ones at Derry and Durrow. He was skilled as a scribe at illumination of Biblical texts and it was alleged that he made a copy of the Psalms from the edition belonging to Finnian. Subsequently Finnian claimed the copy Columba had made as his own. This led to a massive and bloody battle at Cooldrevne (Cul Dreimne) in 561 AD.2 4 10
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