Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology Edited by Carlo Ruzza, Department of Sociology, University of Leicester, UK Hans-Jörg Trenz, University of Copenhagen, Denmark Mauro Barisione, University of Milan, Italy Neil Fligstein, University of California, US Virginie Guiraudon, National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS), France Dietmar Loch, University of Grenoble, France Chris Rumford, Department of Politics and International Relations, Royal Holloway, University of London, UK Maarten P. Vink, University of Maastricht, The Netherlands Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology addresses contemporary themes in the field of Political Sociology. Over recent years, attention has turned increas- ingly to processes of Europeanization and globlaisation and the social and political spaces that are opened by them. These processes comprise both insti- tutional-constitutional change and new dynamics of social transnationalism. Europeanization and globalization are also about changing power relations as they affect people’s lives, social networks and forms of mobility. The P algrave Studies in European Political Sociology series addresses linkages between regulation, institution building and the full range of societal repercussions at local, regional, national, European and global level, and will sharpen under- standing of changing patterns of attitudes and behaviours of individuals and groups, the political use of new rights and opportunities by citizens, new conflict lines and coalitions, societal interactions and networking, and shifting loyalties and solidarity within and across the European space. We welcome proposals from across the spectrum of Political Sociology including on dimensions of citizen- ship; political attitudes and values; political communication and public spheres; states, communities, governance structure and political institutions; forms of political participation; populism and the radical right; and democracy and democratization. Titles include : Luis Bouza Garcia PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY AND CIVIL SOCIETY IN THE EU Agenda-Setting and Institutionalisation 1997–2012 Andreas Müller GOVERNING MOBILITY BEYOND THE STATE Centre, Periphery and the EU’s External Borders Apostolis Papakostas CIVILIZING THE PUBLIC SPHERE Distrust, Trust and Corruption Armando Salvatore, Oliver Schmidtke and Hans-Jörg Trenz ( editors ) RETHINKING THE PUBLIC SPHERE THROUGH TRANSNATIONALIZING PROCESSES Europe and Beyond Matthias Kortmann and Kerstin Rosenow-Williams ISLAMIC ORGANIZATIONS IN EUROPE AND THE USA A Multidisciplinary Perspective Palgrave Studies in European Political Sociology Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–137–28230–9 (Hardback) 978–1–137–28231–6 ( outside North America only ) You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please contact your bookseller or, in case of difficulty, write to us at the address below with your name and address, the title of the series and one of the ISBNs quoted above. Customer Services Department, Macmillan Distribution Ltd, Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS, England Participatory Democracy and Civil Society in the EU Agenda-Setting and Institutionalisation Luis Bouza Garcia Academic Coordinator of European General Studies, College of Europe, Belgium © Luis Bouza Garcia 2015 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2015 978-1-137-43683-2 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No portion of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, Saffron House, 6–10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2015 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Palgrave Macmillan in the UK is an imprint of Macmillan Publishers Limited, registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS. Palgrave Macmillan in the US is a division of St Martin’s Press LLC, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010. Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies and has companies and representatives throughout the world. Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States, the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries ISBN 978-1-349-49364-7 ISBN 978-1-137-43684-9 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9781137436849 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. Logging, pulping and manufacturing processes are expected to conform to the environmental regulations of the country of origin. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress. To my brother Alfonso for his courage, and to my wife Lola for her patience This page intentionally left blank Contents List of Figures viii List of Tables ix Preface xi Acknowledgements x v List of Abbreviations xvi 1 T he Contribution of Civil Society to Bridging the Gap with EU Citizens: Reviewing a Decade of Debate 1 2 F rom the Regulation of Lobbies to Participatory Democracy: Agenda Setting and Civil Society in the EU 19 3 I nterpretive Frames in the Agenda-Setting Process, 1997–2003 41 4 N etworking and Alliances 7 0 5 O rganised Civil Society and the Convention’s Agenda 8 3 6 I nfluence on the Agenda and Field Effects 99 7 T he Development of the Participatory Agenda in the Aftermath of the Convention (2003–2011): Consultation and Direct Participation 1 15 8 A ssessing the Contribution of Participation to Legitimacy 130 9 A Decade of Debate on Participatory Democracy 144 Annexes 1 58 Annex 1 List of interviews 158 Annex 2 List of EU level organisations and available data 160 Annex 3 Coding matrices 162 Annex 4 Networking questionnaire 166 Annex 5 Network analysis method and data sources 168 Annex 6 Evidence of origin pilot and actual ECIs 171 Annex 7 In- and out degrees 178 Notes 180 References 182 Index 197 vii List of Figures 3.1 Evolution of the civil society organisations’ references 4 2 3.2 Position of civil society organisations in the EU institutional architecture 42 3.3 Organisations referring to the role of civil society organisations in EU integration 47 3.4 Position on role of CSO by type of organisation 4 9 3.5 Number of organisations referring to characteristics of legitimate actors 51 3.6 Number of organisations referring to rationale for consultation 57 3.7 Rationales of civil society participation 61 4.1 Network relations 71 4.2 Closeness centrality in the network 77 4.3 EU organisations’ correlation clustering 79 4.4 Common action network 81 5.1 Topics of amendments on participatory democracy 87 viii List of Tables 4.1 Alliance membership of organisations demanding a legal base for consultation 7 2 4.2 Number of civil society organisations contributing to each consultation process 7 3 4.3 Centrality measures 7 5 4.4 Core–periphery density matrix 7 6 6.1 Organisations’ position on representativeness criteria 108 6.2 Number of position papers making points on representation 1 08 3A.1 Coding presence: conceptions of civil society in the EU 163 3A.2 Coding presence: conception of participation 1 64 3A.3 Coding presence: demands in relation to institutionalisation 1 65 5A.1 Evidence of networking between organisations beyond questionnaires 1 69 6A.1 Pilot initiatives 1 71 6A.2 Registered European citizens’ initiatives since the entry into force 1 73 6A.3 Initiatives rejected at registration 1 76 ix