r , ;6•,„,to VOL. XXXV No. 5 WHOLE No. 185 Thinking of Selling? Have You Thought About This? N iUNORER Mt NI ,9 CSI•4914 You've enjoyed collecting currency for many years, and now you are seri- brought $7,000. A superb collection of obsolete bank note proofs from ously thinking about selling. Should you value the entire collection and offer Louisiana, Lots 1,527-1,531, brought record prices of from $3,400 to 4,200 each. The possibly unique Garden City, Minnesota, proof sheet, Lot 1543, sold it, at a wholesale price to a dealer? Will you publish a full-page advertisement in a paper money newspaper or mail out your own price list or catalogue? for $9,500. The most extraordinary results were achieved by an outstanding group of We suggest that you do what most experienced collectors have done with Alaska Clearing House Certificates, meticulously researched and fully-illus- their better material - sell at auction. And once you have decided to sell your trated in the catalogue. Lots 1440-1446, including the $1, $2, $5, $10, $20, collection at auction you will need to select an auction company. There are $50 and $100, realized $5,000, $4,500, $5,000, $5,000, $5,500, $6,000 and many things that should be taken into consideration, but one question you $8,000 respectively. should always ask is "Where and when will my material be sold?". We strongly believe that the best way to sell a paper money collection is at At R. M. Smythe and Company, we think the answer to the "where" part auction. There are no substitutes for experience, thorough research, proper pre- of that question is relatively simple. Important collections of paper money sentation, and a location that makes sense, and that is why, at R. M. Smythe should be auctioned at paper money shows. and Company, we are committed to conducting our paper money auctions at If your collection was in our June Memphis International Paper Money paper money shows. Auction it could have been viewed by over 150 of the world's most significant Consignments are now being accepted paper money dealers, and by the hundreds of serious collectors who came to for our 1996-1997 Auction Schedule. the show every day to buy. The auction results speak for themselves. October 25, 1996. Currency, Stocks and Bonds. The St. Louis National and Federal Currency in the June, Memphis Auction was very strong. Lot 1023, World Paper Money Show. St. Louis, Missouri. the $20 1863 Legal Tender (Fr.126b), Choice Almost Uncirculated realized $3,500. Lot 1051, a cut sheet of four $5 1899 Silver Certificates sold for February 22, 1997. Currency, Stocks and Bonds. The Chicago International $3,050. Lot 1140, the Portland, Maine $10 Red Seal brought $4,500 and Lot Paper Money Exposition. Chicago, Illinois 1154, the $2 Moniteau NB of California, Missouri "Lazy Two" sold for June 1997. Currency, Stocks and Bonds. Memphis International Auction. $4,000. To find out how easy it is to consign your collection to any of the auctions list- Confederate Currency was in great demand as can be seen by the $10,000 ed above, or to subscribe, call Stephen Goldsmith, Douglas Ball or Bruce hammer price realized for Lot 1392, an extremely rare contemporary counter- Hagen at 800-622-1880 or 212-943-1880. feit of the $5 1861 "Indian Princess" note, and the $100 1861 T-3, Lot 1383, El, 11111111111111 Call Toll Free VISA' 11111111111•111 1-800-622-1880 We Welcome Where Historic Paper Collections of the World Are SOCIETY OF Researched, Auctioned, Bought and Sold PAPER MONEY COLLECTORS Stephen Goldsmith' MEMBER INC. Bruce Hagen NY 212-943-1880 • Fax 212-908-4047 orwasergi members 26 Broadway, New York, NY 10004-1701 Paper Money Whole No. 185 Page 169 SOCIETY OF PAPER MONEY COLLECTORS INC. Official Bimonthly Publication of The Society of Paper Money Collectors, Inc. PAPER MONEY is published every other month beginning in January by The Society of Paper Vol. XXXV No. 5 Whole No. 185 SEPT/OCT 1996 Money Collectors. Second class postage paid at Dover, DE 19901. Postmaster send address ISSN 0031-1162 changes to: Bob Cochran, Secretary, P.O. Box GENE HESSLER, Editor, P.O. Box 8147, St. Louis, MO 63156 1085, Florissant, MO 63031. Manuscripts (mss), not under consideration elsewhere, and publications for review should be sent to the Editor. Accepted was will be published as soon as possible; Society of Paper Money Collectors, Inc., 1996. however, publication in a specific issue cannot be guaranteed. Opinions expressed All rights reserved. Reproduction of any article, by authors do not necessarily reflect those of the SPMC. in whole or in part, without express written Mss are to be typed on one side only, double-spaced with at least one-inch permission, is prohibited margins. A copy should be retained by the author. The author's name, address and telephone number should appear on the first page. Individual copies of this issue of PAPER In addition, although it is not required, you are encouraged to submit a copy on MONEY are available from the Secretary for a 31/2 or 51/4 inch MS DOS disk, identified with the name and version of software used: Microsoft Word, Word Perfect or text (ASCII), etc. If disk is submitted, double- $2.75 each plus $1 postage. Five or more copies spaced printout must accompany disk. are sent postage free. ADVERTISING RATES IN THIS ISSUE ELLIS H. ROBERTS PRINTER'S DEVIL TO SPACE 1 TIME 3 TIMES 6 TIMES Outside WILLIAM WILLIAMS Back Cover $152 $420 $825 Forrest W. Daniel 171 Inside Front & THE BUCK STARTS HERE Back Cover $145 $405 $798 Gene Hessler 173 Full Page $140 $395 $775 SORTING THE ISSUES OF NEW YORK CITY Half-page $75 $200 $390 Quaner-page $38 $105 $198 Stephen M. Goldberg 174 Eighth-page $20 $55 $105 THE BASICS Bob Cochran 180 To keep rates at a minimum, advertising must be ALPHONSE MUCHA, ART NOVEAU AND PAPER MONEY ARTIST prepaid in advance according to the above sched- Gene Hessler 181 ule. In exceptional cases where special artwork or ABOUT TEXAS, MOSTLY extra typing are required, the advertiser will be TEXAS FIRST CHARTER NATIONAL BANK NOTES notified and billed extra for them accordingly. Frank Clark 190 Rates are not commissionable. Proofs are not HOW MANY NUMBER ONE SHEETS OF 1899 $2 SILVER supplied. CERTIFICATES WERE PRODUCED? lack H. Fisher 192 Deadline: Copy must be in the editorial office THE SCRIPOPI-IILY CORNER no later than the 1st of the month preceding THE ORIGIN OF COLLECTIBLE CERTIFICATES issue (e.g., Feb. 1 for March/April issue). With Pierre Bonneau 193 advance notice, camera-ready copy will be ac- MONEY TALES cepted up to three weeks later. Forrest W. Daniel 194 Mechanical Requirements: Full page 42-57 pi- cas; half-page may be either vertical or horizon- SOCIETY FEATURES tal in format. Single column width, 20 picas. Halftones acceptable, but not mats or stereos. PUBLICATION CONTRIBUTORS 195 Page position may be requested but cannot be AWARDS IN MEMPHIS 196 guaranteed. NEW LITERATURE 196 Advertising copy shall be restricted to paper NEW MEMBERS 197 currency and allied numismatic material and MONEY MART 198 publications and accessories related thereto. SPMC does not guarantee advertisements but accepts copy in good faith, reserving the right to reject objectionable material or edit any copy. ONTHECOVER.This portrait ofAlp honse Mucha was engraved by the SPMC assumes no financial responsibility for Czech security engraver Vadat Fajt. See page 181. , typographical errors in advertisements, but agrees to reprint that portion of an advertisement in which typographical error should occur upon For change of address, inquiries concerning non delivery of PAPER - prompt notification of such error. MONEYand for additional copies of this issue contact the Secretary; the address is on the next page. For earlier issues contact Classic Coins, P.O. Al !advertising copy and correspondence should Box 95, Allen, MI 49227. be sent to the Editor. Page 170 Paper Money Whole No. 185 SOCIETY OF PAPER MONEY COLLECTORS BOARD OF GOVERNORS OFFICERS RAPHAEL ELLENBOGEN, 1840 Harwitch Rd., Upper PRESIDENT Arlington, OH 43221 DEAN OAKES, Drawer 1456, Iowa City, IA 52240 VICE-PRESIDENT FRANK CLARK, P.O. Box 117060, Carrollton, TX 75011 C. JOHN FERRERI, P.O. Box 33, Storrs, CT 06268 SECRETARY ROBERTCOCHRAN, P.O. Box 1085, Florissant, MO 63031 TREASURER GENE HESSLER, P.O. Box 8147, St. Louis, MO 63156 TIM KYZIVAT, P.O. Box 803, LaGrange, IL 60525 RON HORSTMAN, 5010 Timber Lane, Gerald, MO 63037 APPOINTEES EDITOR GENE HESSLER, P.O. Box 8147, St. Louis, MO 63156 MILTON R. FRIEDBERG, 8803 Brecksville Rd. #7-203, MEMBERSHIP DIRECTOR Brecksville, OH 44141-1933 FRANK CLARK, P.O. Box 117060, Carrollton, TX 75011 WISMER BOOK PROJECT STEVEN K. WHITFIELD, 14092 W. 115th St., Olathe, KS 66062 STEPHEN TAYLOR, 70 West View Avenue, Dover, DE 19901 LEGAL COUNSEL ROBERT J. GALIETTE, 10 Wilcox Lane, Avon, CT 06001 LIBRARIAN WENDELL W. WOLKA, P.O. Box 569, Dublin, OH 43017 ROGER H. DURAND, P.O. Box 186, Rehoboth, MA 02769 PAST-PRESIDENT JUDITH MURPHY, P.O. Box 24056, Winston Salem, NC STEVEN K. WHITFIELD, 14092 W. 115th St., Olathe, KS 27114 66062 The Society of Paper Money Collectors was organized Members of the ANA or other recognized numismatic in 1961 and incorporated in 1964 as a non-profit or- societies are eligible for membership. Other applicants ganization under the laws of the District of Columbia. should be sponsored by an SMPC member or provide It is affiliated with the American Numismatic Associa- suitable references. tion. The annual meeting is held at the Memphis IPMS DUES—Annual dues are $24. Members in Canada and in June. Mexico should add $5 to cover additional postage; MEMBERSHIP—REGULAR and LIFE. Applicants must members throughout the rest of the world add $10. Life be at least 18 years of age and of good moral character. membership, payable in installments within one year, is JUNIOR. Applicants must be from 12 to 18 years of age $300. Members who join the Society prior to Oct. 1st and of good moral character. Their application must be receive the magazines already issued in the year in signed by a parent or guardian. They will be preceded by which they join. Members who join after Oct. 1st will the letter "j". This letter will be removed upon notifica- have their dues paid through December of the following tion to the secretary that the member has reached 18 year. They will also receive, as a bonus, a copy of the years of age. Junior members are not eligible to hold magazine issued in November of the year in which they office or vote. joined. BUYING and SELLING CSA and Obsolete Notes Extensive Catalog for $3.00, CSA Bonds, Stocks & Refundable With Order Financial Items HUGH SHULL ANA-LM SPMC-LM P.O. Box 761, Camden, SC 29020 (803) 432-8500 SCNA BRNA PCDA FAX 803-432-9958 FUN Paper Money Whole No. 185 Page 1 71 s ELL OBER PRINTER'S DEVIL To W EL AM ILL AMS - by FORREST W. DANIEL Editors in the nineteenth century asserted that an V91 Acttatem, e Taal, AVtca, apprenticeship in a printing office was a practical Promise to pay the Bearer at the equivalent to a college education. They named Manhattan Branch Bank, many men who had gone from the print shop to THREE CENTS, national prominence in law, literature and poli- On Demand. mi., Au, 1, 1815. tics; even to naming James Buchanan, future presi- By order, dent of the United States, a printer—a talent not mentioned in modern biographical sketches. Ggut ,1t age oltAkt.tt-a) Promise to pay the 4, Bearer, at the HAT United States Treasurer Ellis Henry Roberts (Sep- Manhattan., ',:"33r.tIttch Bank, T tember 30, 1827-January 8, 1918) began his career TWELVE AND A F1 %TX CENTS, as a printer's devil figures large in his biography. Rob- On Demand. Utica,durast 1, 1815. erts was the last apprentice hired by William Williams near By order, the end of a long and distinguished career as printer, editor, publisher and book seller in Utica, New York. While a young man, Williams produced vignettes for scrip issued by the Vil- GAR, '9. crr \xecd.m. oVu, eV"&i.ea., lage of Utica in 1815, so there are solid numismatic creden- I Promise to pay the Bearer at tho •°41- tials in the background of the man who had some influence Manhattan Branch Bank, on the boy who was to become Treasurer of the United States. 1 SEVENTY- FIVE CENTS William Williams, of Puritan descent, was born at ] On Demand. mica, august 1,1815. Framingham, Massachusetts in 1787. The family moved to the Utica area in 1790. He was a printer's devil, the stage leading By order, to an apprenticeship, in the printing shops of William McLean and Asahel Seward in Utica from 1800 to 1807. As an appren- tice, Williams may have had some part in the production of A Fractional currency from the Village of Utica, 1815, with wood cuts by Description of Counterfeit Bills, published by Seward in 1806.1 William Williams. (Illustration from An Oneida County Printer.) Upon completion of his seven-year apprenticeship he became a partner in the firm Seward & Williams at age twenty. Seward & Williams, and later Williams as sole proprietor, The center of each note had a wood engraving by William printed a wide variety of books and pamphlets as well as the Williams; most of the cuts had appeared before as ornaments usual run of job printing. The printer's devil and apprentice or tail-pieces in 1811 publications. Williams is considered by was exposed to it all: the annual almanacs, newspapers, school some to have been the third person in the United States to text books on a wide variety of subjects, lectures, essays, nov- engage in the art of wood engraving. els, religious and anti-Masonic books and collections of mu- The Utica Directory for 1817 carried only the name of Will- sic. The printer read the books, not sentence by sentence but iam Williams as publisher; when Seward retired from the pub- letter by letter, often correcting the copy as he set the type. lishing business, he retained his interest in the book store until In 1808 William Williams began to manufacture the paper 1824. Williams was in and out of the newspaper business sev- the firm used in many of their books. The paper was a thin eral times, was very active in political, community and church and tough rag paper used later for bank notes printed for Utica affairs and publications relating to them; some of the subjects banks, and in 1815 for the Village of Utica bearer checks drawn he published were considered quite controversial—several had on the Manhattan Branch Bank. Those notes, dated Aug. 1, been refused by other printers. 1815, were printed in sheets having two each of 3 cents, 61/4 The firm Balch & Stiles, engravers on copper and plate print- cents, 121/2 cents, 25 cents, 50 cents and 75 cents; the imprint ers, was established in Utica in 1824 and did some work for "Seward and Williams Printers" appears on the 75 cent notes. Williams. Vistus Balch and Samuel Stiles engraved maps of Page 1 72 Paper Money Whole No. 185 New York state and Michigan as well as bank notes for Utica Roberts continued his education at Whitestown Seminary and other western banks. Williams became a partner in the and Yale College by working as a printer; and upon his gradu- company in 1828; their reputation and growth of business led ation in 1850 returned to Utica to be principal of Utica Free them to establish an office and workshop in New York City— Academy for a year. In 1851 he became editor of the Utica Balch, Stiles & Company, 34 Merchants' Exchange. That firm, Herald newspaper which his brother Robert, along with oth- with others, established a forerunner of American Bank Note ers, established in 1847. He served the newspaper in an edito- Company. rial capacity until 1890, even while serving terms in the New Robert Roberts joined Williams's printing office in 1830 and York state legislature in 1866 and Congress 1870-1875. became foreman and the successor to the business. The year In the New York legislature Roberts, a Republican, was ac- 1832 was a bad one for William Williams. His agency for the tive in the ways and means committee and his interest in fiscal Edinburgh Encyclopedia of Philadelphia, which he had held affairs continued in Congress where he took a prominent part since 1814, failed. It had been profitable for many years but in the debates for the resumption of specie payments, refund- recent collections were poor; that, and nonpayment by princi- ing the national debt and other legislation relating to mon- pals of notes that Williams had co-signed, eventually caused etary policy. In 1889 he was appointed assistant treasurer of the failure of his entire enterprise. Williams's stock in trade the United States, a post he held until 1893 when he was re- was sold at two sheriff's sales in 1834, but sale of his real es- placed by a Democrat. He then accepted the presidency of the tate was delayed for several years, driving him further into debt. Franklin National Bank in New York, a post he filled until he The creditors operated the printing establishment with his was appointed Treasurer of the United States by the following name as manager until 1840, but there is little doubt Robert Republican administration in 1897; he held that position un- Roberts actually ran the business. til 1905. Williams moved to Tonawanda in 1836, but returned often to Utica to take care of business matters. He was thrown from the top of a stage coach in 1841 and struck his head; he never fully recovered from the injury and financial loss and died in Utica in 1850. Ellis Roberts was the last apprentice, hired about the time William Williams left Utica; it was 1836, and Ellis was nine years old. The usual age for printer's devils was about thirteen, but a printer's children began to set type as soon as they could read and hold a composing stick; and of course, his oldest brother, Robert, was the foreman. As printer's devil, Ellis had the heavy and dirtiest work (printers need clean hands to handle the paper). He wrote: "My own tasks were to push a hand [ink] roller over the forms on the press; and, to reach the handle, a box of considerable size was necessary to lift me to Afs.-7rA_ z I, 7g a-7Y the required level. Incidentally I washed the rollers [and the inked type forms after the printing was finished], and as I re- member well, carried wood and water up the high stairs." The Card autographed by Ellis H. Roberts book store was on the ground floor, the bindery on the level above and the printing office on the third floor at 60 Genesee Street. Whenever Ellis had some free time from his devil's chores After his retirement Roberts returned to Utica and was ac- he read books borrowed from the book store downstairs. He tive in banking, consultation and a wide variety of civic and recalled for Williams's biographer: "Your grandfather came to cultural organizations until his death at age ninety. the office occasionally, ... Mr. Williams found me reading Thus the relationship, however brief, between two printers Cooper's 'Lionel Lincoln,' . . . He questioned me of my esti- from Utica, New York: William Williams, who engraved and mate of the characters, encouraged me to read good books, printed fractional currency scrip in 1815, and his last printer's saying that the story was a good lesson in patriotism, but some devil, Ellis H. Roberts, whose facsimile signature, as Treasurer other of Cooper's were of higher merit and more enjoyable. of the United States, guaranteed the nation's currency for eight That is the chief incident, to a lad of ten, which he has carried years at the turn of the twentieth century. in his memory for nearly half a century of a man with whom his start in life was connected. . . ." END NOTE: In a time when many apprentices labored under varying de- grees of hardship and ill-treatment, Williams was noted for the 1. The earliest lists of counterfeit notes appeared in newspapers. Ac- benevolent care and technical training his apprentices received. cording to Bank Note Reporters and Counterfeit Detectors, 1826-1866, Usuallywith several boys in training, Mrs. Williams maintained by William H. Dillistin, a single sheet with descriptions of coun- terfeits was printed by The Centinel newspaper in Boston in the a large-scale boarding house for the boys; she was a second latter part of 1805 and followed it in June 1806 with a small 12- mother to them, mending their clothes, caring for them in sick- page pamphlet guide to New England bank bills and counterfeits. ness and encouraging them to read in order that they might be Asahel Seward's A Description of Counterfeit Bills was advertised as better editors and publishers. Under her influence several oth- just published in the July 2, 1806 issue of The Patriot newspaper in ers became ministers and missionaries. Mrs. Williams, herself, Utica. is cited in a book about apprentices; but that prosperous period was over before Ellis Roberts became the printer's devil. (Continued on the following page) Paper Money Whole No. 185 Page 173 ACKNOWLEDGMENT: Tin CENTRAL BANK Jack H. Fisher's article headed "Ellis I I. Roberts never got a break; he Or TRB BARAMAS worked," in the August 1995 Bank Note Reporter, prompted this sketch KAI. MARKT Of NO 410lifn of Roberts's younger years using specialized sources unfamiliar to his reference librarians. Fisher's story gives a much broader view of Roberts's long public career. 1,111..1.71111. ---4c--••-•...S.7.-tt, . GOVFPN, SOURCES: D852968 Biographical directory of the American Congress, 1 774-1961. (1961). Washington: GPO. Dictionary of American Biography. (1935). New York: Charles Scribner's Mr. Baril's engraving was based on a portrait by the Italian Sons. (Both Roberts and Williams.) painter Ridolfo Ghirlandaio (1483-1561). This extremely col- Fielding, Mantle. (1974). Dictionary of American painters, sculptors and orful note, with interesting anti-counterfeiting devices is avail- engravers. Green Farms, CT: Modern Books and Crafts, Inc. able for $3 or $4, perhaps less. Hamilton, Milton W. (1936). The country printer, New York State, 1785- The esteemed English-born American engraver Alfred Jones 1830. New York: Columbia University Press. Rorabaugh, W.J. (1986). The craft apprentice: from Franklin to the ma- (1819-1900) engraved a portrait for a series of notes printed chine age in America. New York: Oxford University Press. by American Bank Note Company for Costa Rica. The least Williams, John Camp. (1906/1974). An Oneida County Printer: expensive note is the 50 centimos P(ick) 147; it should cost William \Vahan's, Printer, Publisher, Editor .... Harrison, NY: about $20 in fine condition. Mr. Jones based his engraving on Harbor 1-1 ill Books. a portrait that was adapted for a medal by Francisco Asis Lopez; The Weekly Minnesotian, St. Paul, April 3, 1852. the medal was struck for the Centennial of Calderon. Some say the Ghirlandaio portrait is the most accurate like- ness of Columbus; others say it is the Lopez version. The Costa Rica issued a 2 colones P195, with a portrait also based on the Lopez version. This was done by the British bank note firm of Thomas De La Rue. In fine condition you should find one for about $10. It should not surprise you to find that Italy honored its na- tive son. Two 5,000 lire notes, P72 and P76, should cost no more than $10 each in nice condition. The model for this en- graving is the portrait by Charles Legrand in the Naval Mu- seum in Madrid. The Legrand portrait also appears on a note from Spain, the Starts Here country that sponsored the voyage of Columbus. A 100 pese- tas P118 in fine condition might be available for under $20. A Primer for Collectors In addition, Spain issued four other notes, three with images of Columbus and one with Queen Isabella alone. The 1 peseta by GENE HESSLER notes P127 and P128, and the 5 pesetas P126 and P129 should be modestly priced in uncirculated or near uncirculated con- dition. UST about everyone wants to be associated with or These notes and souvenir cards along with a selection of claim a hero. Christopher Columbus has been claimed world coins that bear the portrait of Christopher Columbus or at least honored on more bank notes than any other would make an attractive display for a class at school or at human being. About 20 countries, including the United States your local coin club. and Canada, have placed the image of the Italian sailor on bank notes. (Copyright story reprinted by permission from Coin World, Oct. 24, 1994.) U.S. federal notes that show images of Columbus are: the $5 first charter national bank notes and national gold bank notes; $1,000 U.S. notes 1869-1880; $1 U.S. notes 1869- ■ 191 7; all largesize $5 Federal Reserve and Federal Reserve Bank ■ OBSOLETE MOTES ■ notes. In nice condition all of these will cost more than the average collector can afford. However, as an alternative, you ■ Also C5A, Continental & Colonial, Stocks & ■ might consider souvenir cards. Each of the previously-men- ■ Bonds, Autographs & Civil War Related tioned notes is available on a souvenir card for under $10. ■• Material. U.S. obsolete hank notes from about ten states also include • images of Columbus. Most of these might also be too expen- LARGE CAT. $2.00 Ref. sive. However, from the remaining countries who honored ■ Always Buying at Top Prices Columbus there are at least three countries that issued notes ■ that most collectors can afford. ■ RICHARD T. HOOBER, JR. The most recent note was issued in 1992 by the Bahamas ■• P.O. Box 3116, Key Largo, FL 33037 for the 500th anniversary of the 1492 sailing. The Bahamas $1 ■ FM or Phone (305) 853-0105 note, produced by the Canadian Bank Note Co., includes a ■ very nice portrait engraved by the Canadian engraver Yves Baril. Page 1 74 Paper Money Whole No. 185 SORTING THE ISSUES OF NEW YORK CITY Notes from The Territorial Area of - Ore0er New York by STEPHEN M. GOLDBERG ODAY'S New York City, unofficially called Greater New each locality for which an obsolete note exists. A convenient T York when distinction with the original city is neces- map of the scene may be found in Figure 1. sary, comprises five sections called boroughs, an ar- rangement dating only to 1898. Having grown-up in the I: A Basic History of Greater New York current version, I wasn't particularly conscious that it had not been always thus, so that when I began to collect its obsolete No one really knows how Manhattan got its name. The tradi- notes, I didn't realize that I was inadvertently confining my- tional story is that the island was inhabited by an Indian tribe self to only one of the boroughs: "New York" as a location on variously called the Manhattans or Manhattoes, but some a note meant the entire modern city to me, but meant Man- scholars believe that there were no permanent settlements on hattan only at the time the notes were issued. It was quite the island so that the Indians that Peter Minuit encountered awhile before it finally dawned on me to look for notes marked were just a group of original New Yorkers passing by who took "Brooklyn." At some point I began to inquire about issues from the opportunity to flimflam a tourist out of $24. A second, the remaining boroughs, but all I got were strange looks, at independent tradition has it that Henry Hudson invited some least initially. In the absence of a definitive New York State natives to sup aboard the Half Moon, and when the chiefs and scrip catalogue it is difficult to be precise, but on the basis of braves regained consciousness, they named the place conversations with individuals far more experienced than I, it Manahatchtanienk, which means, in the Delaware language, appears that obsolete notes are known from nine locations "the place where we all got drunk," or so it is written. within the territorial area of the present city. It is probable Popular-type city histories give two different dates as the that scrip once existed from many other villages and towns date of the first settlement. The first of the first settlements but no longer survive and, with the absence of records, are began in 1624 when a ship from the Dutch West India Com- forever lost to history. I'll set the stage with a brief, essentially pany under Captain Cornelis May dropped off a small group geographic history of Greater New York, continue with a de- at Governors Island, just south of Manhattan. The second of scription of the real New York— never mind what I said in the first settlements began in 1625 when an expedition under PAPER MONEY No. 179—then illustrate a specimen, with Governor William Verhulst arrived on Manhattan with explicit some hopefully appropriate commentary accompanying, from instructions to establish a colony. By the time Minuit had ar- Figure 1: A map of New York City, 1948. g olden -Wnniversary NEW YORK CITY - Yo, JUL 31 9 - A M la Mrs. Ralph Bennett Coopersville, Mich, Paper Money Whole No. 185 Page 175 rived, the Governors Island settlers had already floated them- Staten island was the site of the first European-style peace selves and their cattle the 500 yards north to the larger island. conference in the colonies, an attempt by John Adams, Ben- His famous 1626 purchase may be taken as the formal or "le- jamin Franklin, Admiral Howe, and others to head off hostili- gal" founding of the settlement. ties between the colonists and the British. It was an island of Originating as New Amsterdam with a municipal govern- sanity during the Draft Riot, when blacks who managed to ment first established in 1653, the city grew into a farming, escape the rampaging Irish mobs by somehow reaching the ship building, and shipping community as its port developed, island were carried by horseback, wagon, and carriage over- and by the end of the eighteenth century it was for brief peri- land by the white population to the western side, then ferried ods both the capital of the state and the capital of the United to New Jersey and safety. And it was also the site of the first States. In the nineteenth century it became the seat ofTammany distillery in the Americas, as well as a hideout of bank robber Hall, the most corrupt municipal government ever seen; the Willie Sutton. site of the Draft Riot, the worst urban riot in the history of the The Bronx and Queens are best described in the larger con- United States; and the center of, in the view of some histori- texts of the respective histories of Westchester County and Long ans, the greatest financial plot ever hatched, the successful Island from whence they come. Westchester County was one scheme to destroy the second Bank of the United States and of the original counties set up when the English established make Wall Street the country's principal money power. the county system in 1683, and the Bronx was eventually Whereas the original Dutch settlers formed a concentrated formed at its southern-most end from four townships and parts settlement in Lower Manhattan, everywhere else they seem to of two others, tacked on to New York in two stages. Although have preferred to spread out, living in sparsely populated farm- the annexation of lower Westchester was considered as early ing hamlets and leaving it first to the English and later the as 1864, no action was taken until the '70s. The section west Americans to create the villages and towns that began to dot of the Bronx River, now known as the West Bronx, joined New the map. One of the hamlets was little Breukelen at the middle York on January 1, 1874, in the aftermath of a referendum the of the western edge of Long Island. The newcomers moved previous year in which the residents of the towns of Morrisania, into the area, creating first a fire district with the hamlet at the West Farms, and Kingsbridge accepted the city's bid. The East center, a town on the boundaries of the fire district, a village Bronx, east of the river obviously, and consisting of Westchester on the boundaries of the town, and in 1834, a city by now township and parts of Eastchester and Pelham, joined on July called Brooklyn, although at this point it occupied only one 1, 1895. Upon attachment to New York, the sections became square mile. Brooklyn's much slower political development, known as the Annexed Districts and the state legislature sev- in contrast to that of New York City, which was a formal city ered them from Westchester County, merging them with New almost from the start, has a religious origin: the newcomers York County. In 1898, when the charter of Greater New York were of various Protestant denominations and were far more took effect, they became the Borough of the Bronx. interested in establishing their own sections and acquiring land Long Island had been divided into three counties, Kings, for the construction of their respective churches than they were Queens, and Suffolk. While the western Queens townships of in creating a larger community, and they joined politically only Jamaica and Newtown agreed to join New York, as did the city to the extent needed at any given time. It was the temperance of Long Island City which had incorporated in 1870, the three movement of the 1820s that provided the spur toward townships at Queens' eastern end—Hempstead, North cityhood: the village's one square mile had 47 taverns, and Hempstead, and Oyster Bay—opted out of the arrangement, temperance was a subject all the different groups could agree as did the town of Flushing. Flushing was nevertheless hauled upon. Afterwards, the city grew in parallel with New York, with into the city, like it or not, but the state severed the others increasing industry, including ship building and port activity, from Queens, forming them into a newly created Nassau but it never became a financial center. Henceforth, both New County. York and Brooklyn expanded greatly, rolling over every town It all came together on January 1, 1898. What had begun a and village in their respective domains of Manhattan Island, few years earlier as an attempt to unite New York and Brook- being New York County, and Kings County, but New York's lyn ended up as a unification of four counties. Kings County expansion did not stop at the water's edge. and the portion of Queens County not now in Nassau became, The pre-New York City stories of the remaining three bor- from the point of view of the city government, the Boroughs oughs are very different from those of the first two, each re- of Brooklyn and Queens. Richmond County became the Bor- gion being a collection of small villages and towns no one of ough of Richmond, later renamed the Borough of Staten Is- which ever dominated over any of the others. One borough land, and two Boroughs were formed from New York County: however, formerly Richmond but now called the Borough of Manhattan and the Bronx. In 1914, the state legislature sepa- Staten Island, may be said to have an intrinsic island-wide his- rated the Bronx from New York County, creating Bronx County, tory of its own: and today the five city boroughs coincide geographically with Its settlements were wiped out three times in the seventeenth the five state counties. century during murderous fights with the Indians, the worst of which began in Manhattan when a certain Van Dyke killed II: Being a New Yorker is Never Having to Say an Indian female who had committed the horrible crime of You're Sorry eating some peaches from one of his trees. The outraged Indi- ans swarmed into New Amsterdam where they confined them- A relatively recent tourism campaign has given New York the selves to rioting and looting, then swarmed over Staten Island, idiotic name of "the Big Apple" (1), but the natives call the and while the island's patroon was barely escaping with his town Gotham, a name first used in Salmagundi, a series of life, the Governor, Peter Stuyvesant, was down in Delaware essays by Washington Irving and others satirizing the behav- with 600 troops dealing with the "threat" to the colony posed ior of nutty New Yorkers. The reference is to a thirteenth cen- by peaceful New Sweden. tury King John who wanted to buy some land in the town of Page 176 Paper Money Whole No. 185 Gotham, but the peasants didn't want him to show up be- tion of the city that I've found so far. Its vignettes of agricul- cause they'd have to serf the estate, so they conspired to con- ture, industry, and shipping illustrate the nature of New York's vince the king that he didn't want to live there by acting like a economy at a time just before the Civil War (3). bunch of idiots, doing things like spending hours raking the moon's reflection off the lake, and so on. The city's current The Borough of Brooklyn reputation as an asylum for the insane, as well as the oppressed, Notes are known from the cities ofBrooklyn and Williamsburgh. is a tad exaggerated, but Gotham it shall always be: In the Williamsburgh was originally part of the Dutch village of 1960s, the skinned, headless body of a 450-pound gorilla was Bostwijck, north of Breukelen. It became the subject of a real found smack in the middle of a street in the South Bronx. The estate promotion in the 1820s, which led to its eventual incor- police never did find out exactly what the animal was doing poration as a village in 1827, and as a city in 1852. Its only there, but a few blocks away was a hot dog factory, long since mayor, Abraham J. Berry, suggested that it be absorbed by closed. Brooklyn. When consolidation took place in 1855, the "h" was dropped and the now ex-city became just another Brook- III: The Obsolete Notes from Greater New York lyn neighborhood, but judging by the existing notes, it seems to have gone unnoticed that the spelling had changed and that The Borough of Manhattan the city had vanished from the planet. Notes are known only from New York City, and it's a matter of Figure 3 is a note from the Nassau Bank of Brooklyn dated some mystery to me why no other locations are represented. October 1, 1863. It shows a scene of the Fulton Street railway Certain villages such as Chelsea and Yorkville were residential station at the site of the Fulton Ferry dock. One of the tiny areas north of the city line and conceivably had no businesses, boats in the East River behind is the two-masted ferry steam- but what of Harlem, which certainly did: Milton R. Friedberg's ing toward New York in the distance, but it's probably invis- catalogue of postage envelopes (2) illustrates an item by a ible in the reproduction. Harlem and New York Navigation Company, as an example Figure 4, from Williamsburgh, shows an unissued 10-cent Figure 2 is a $1 note from the Manufacturers' and Merchants' note from Rudolph Wenzlik's Lagerbier Saloon dated 186_; Bank dated December 1, 1859, the best general representa- that is, after the city formally ceased to exist. Given both the //*/)////;'ififi V470._ X`s Pres! _ szus.,u• Figure 2: Borough of Manhattan: New York City, Manufacturers' and Merchants' Bank, $1, December 1, 1859, printed by American Bank Note Company 1;231:11::;ftESI.t. n.o."..Vatts: arm titU rd cipa. c711‘ ee PUBLIC STOCKS ""'"*". .4%7 r,ir r0////YieVi9 -7e;? BROOKLYN isa 4',1? 501,10,11:31a-gtEMLIZI:ggWiltla 411,V1::: Figure 3: Borough of Brooklyn: [City of] Brooklyn, Nassau Bank of Brooklyn, $1, October 1, 1863, printed by American Bank Note Company.