A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY ISSN 0034 – 365 X A I T D R A W N I E R 13 (5) REINWARDTIA A JOURNAL ON TAXONOMIC BOTANY, PLANT SOCIOLOGY AND ECOLOGY Vol. 13(5): 391–455, December 20, 2013 Chief Editor Kartini Kramadibrata (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Editors Dedy Darnaedi (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Tukirin Partomihardjo (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Joeni Setijo Rahajoe (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Marlina Ardiyani (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Topik Hidayat (Indonesia University of Education, Indonesia) Eizi Suzuki (Kagoshima University, Japan) Jun Wen (Smithsonian Natural History Museum, USA) Managing Editor Himmah Rustiami (Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia) Secretary Endang Tri Utami Layout Editor Deden Sumirat Hidayat Illustrators Subari Wahyudi Santoso Anne Kusumawaty Reviewers David Middleton (Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, UK), Eko Baroto Walujo (LIPI, Indonesia), Ferry Slik (Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, China), Henk Beentje (Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, UK), Hidetoshi Nagamasu (Kyoto Universi- ty, Japan), Kuswata Kartawinata (LIPI, Indonesia), Mark Hughes (Royal Botanic Gardens Edinburgh, UK), Martin Callmander (Missouri Botanic Gardens, USA), Michele Rodda (Singapore Botanic Gardens, Singapore), Mien A Rifai (AIPI, Indonesia), Rugayah (LIPI, Indonesia), Ruth Kiew (Forest Research Institute of Malaysia, Malaysia). Correspondence on editorial matters and subscriptions for Reinwardtia should be addressed to: HERBARIUM BOGORIENSE, BOTANY DIVISION, RESEARCH CENTER FOR BIOLOGY– LIPI, CIBINONG 16911, INDONESIA E-mail: [email protected] Cover images: Begonia hooveriana Wiriad. spec. nov. REINWARDTIA Vol 13, No 5, pp: 433−439 PANDAN (PANDANACEAE) IN FLORES ISLAND, EAST NUSA TENGGA- RA, INDONESIA: AN ECONOMIC-BOTANICAL STUDY Received August 02, 2012; accepted October 11, 2013 SITI SUSIARTI Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Bogor, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected] TUTIE DJARWANINGSIH Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong Science Center, JlJl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Bogor, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected] ARY PRIHARDHYANTO KEIM Herbarium Bogoriense, Botany Division, Research Center for Biology-LIPI, Cibinong Science Center, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor Km. 46, Cibinong 16911, Bogor, Indonesia. E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT SUSIARTI, S., DJARWANINGSIH, T. & KEIM, A. P. 2013. Pandan (Pandanaceae) in Flores Island, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia: an economic-botanical study. Reinwardtia 13 (5): 433–439. — The people in the Indonesian province of Nusa Tenggara Timur (then East Lesser Sunda Islands) consist of many ethnic groups, each with their own local languages. The island of Flores is the second largest island within the East Lesser Sunda Islands. The island is inhabited by 10 ethnic groups, in which four are regarded as the dominant groups: Flores, Ende, Lio and Manggarai. The pandan flora of the island is still largely unknown; the same is for their ethnobotany. The aim of this current study is to know the traditional usages and potential uses of pandan flora in the Flores Island. The study was carried out in three regencies: Ende, Nagekeo and Manggarai. The result of this study shows that there are four species of Pandanus (P. amaryllifolius, P. dubius, P. kaernbachii, and P. tectorius) and one species of Freycinetia (F. insignis) are recorded from the areas understudy. The presence of P. kaernbachii in Flores Island is a new record. The people also recognises the diversity of Pandanaceae, especially from the genus Pandanus, in which they are known by local names such as ―panda‖, ―re‘a‖, ―waku‖, and ―mbojo‖. Main usages of Pandanus are as material sources for handicrafts (mats, coffee bowls, and hats), dye, flavourings, funeral offering, and ornamental plant. Key words: Freycinetia, Lesser Sunda Islands, Pandanus. ABSTRAK SUSIARTI, S., DJARWANINGSIH, T. & KEIM, A. P. 2013. Pandan (Pandanaceae) di Pulau Flores, Nusa Tenggara Timur, Indonesia: sebuah studi botani-ekonomi. Reinwardtia 13 (5): 433–439. — Masyarakat di Nusa Tenggara Timur terdiri atas banyak kelompok etnis dan masing- masing kelompok memiliki bahasa daerah sendiri. Pulau Flores adalah pulau terbesar kedua di Propinsi Nusa Tenggara Timur. Pulau ini dihuni oleh 10 kelompok etnis, diantaranya Flores, Ende, Lio dan Manggarai. Flora pandan di pulau ini belum banyak dikenal, demikian pula etnobotaninya. Tujuan pene- litian ini adalah mengungkap pemanfaatan tradisional pandan di pulau Flores beserta potensinya. Penelitian dilakukan di tiga kabupaten: Ende, Nagekeo dan Manggarai. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa di tiga kabupaten tersebut tere- kam empat jenis Pandanus (Pandanus amaryllifolius, P. dubius, P. kaernbachii, dan P. tectorius) dan satu jenis Freyci- netia (F. insignis). P. kaernbachii di Pulau Flores adalah rekaman baru. Masyarakat setempat mengenali keragaman suku pandan-pandanan (Pandanaceae), khususnya dari marga Pandanus, mereka mengenal dengan beberapa nama dae- rah seperti: ―panda‖, ―re‘a‖, ―waku‖ dan ―mbojo‖. Kegunaan utama pandan sebagai bahan baku untuk kerajinan tangan (tikar, wadah kopi, dan topi), bahan pewarna, penyedap makanan, sesaji bunga pada pemakaman, dan tanaman hias. Kata kunci: Freycinetia, Kepulauan Nusa Tenggara, Pandanus. INTRODUCTION Flores Sea, in the west by Sappy Strait, in the east by Flores Strait, and in the south by Sawu Sea. The Flores Island highest point in the island is Mount Kelimutu, in which the three outstanding lakes are located. The- Flores is the second largest island in the string of se lakes are renowned for their colourful waters due islands included within the province of East Nusa to the activities of different species of algae in the Tenggara. The island is surrounded in the north by water. 433 434 REIN WARD TIA [VOL.13 Administratively the island is divided into 10 us, and P. tectorius were known from the island. regencies such as Ende, Manggarai, East Mang- Hence P. dubius and P. kaernbachii may be consid- garai, West Manggarai, Nagekeo, Ngada, and Sik- ered as new records for Flores. ka. The people live in these regencies consists of Freycinetia insignis was found in the Kelimutu 10 ethnics, i.e. Ende, Flores, Lio, Manggarai, and National Park at 630 to 990 meters altitude. The Ngada. species was also found abundantly in the Rana Mese Lake (TD 1356, TD 1362, TD 1368) at the elevation of 1260 meters (Figs. 2A & 2B). This Pandan Flora of Flores Island agrees with Rensch (1930). Pandanus amaryllifolius is a widely cultivated Prior to the present study the information re- species, never found in the wild. It is known as garding the pandan flora of Flores was a brief ac- ―panda‖ in various local languages in the Flores counts (supported by two black and white photos) Island. Although the origin of this well known aro- by Rensch (1930), on a species of Freycinetia insig- matic species in Flores is still shrouded in mystery, nis and Pandanus tectorius. Furthermore, it was but from our observations in the field we believe followed by Wiriadinata (2008) as part of the floris- that P. amaryllifolius was introduced. It is usually tic study of this island. The ethnobotanical infor- planted in the gardens or house yards from sea level mation was presented by Rensch (1930), who brief- to 1000 meters altitude. P. amaryllifolius was intro- ly mentioned and described the widely cultivated P. duced. amaryllifolius and the wild and never cultivated P. The presence of P. dubius in Flores was not re- tectorius. Then it was followed by Temu (1995), ported by Rensch (1930) despite the fact that he who described the usages of the two species in rela- carried out explorations from beaches to hinterlands tion with the ritual related purposes. However, de- of Flores. The result of this current study shows spite those information actually there has been no that this species is only found as an ornamental report on the exact number of pandan species found plant (Fig. 2C); it is assumed here to be an intro- in Flores. Thus, the aim of this research is to pro- duced species. vide up to date information on the pandan flora of Pandanus kaernbachii (Fig. 3; TD 1399) is col- this magnificent island, including their traditional lected from Puujita in the village of Wolosambi at usages. 220 meter altitude and known by local people as ‗waku‘. This species is also found in Ndonga Ka- METHOD AND STUDY SITE pah in Ondorea Barat village, District of Nangapan- da at altitude 100 meters; and Rentung village (TD 1338) in Manggarai Regency at altitudes of 980 to The research was conducted in the villages of 1040 meters. It inhabits wet and damp areas close to Sokoria, Ndonga Kapah, Wolosambi, all are in the water springs and riversides. Prior to this current East Lio District, Nagekeo Regency, Nangaroro study (Stone, 1982; Kanehira, 1940; Jebb, 1992; District, village of Belang Turi and Lake Rana Keim et al., 2008; Keim, 2009) P. kaerbachii has Mese area in the Manggarai Regency (Fig. 1). never been reported in the Lesser Sunda Islands; Some of these areas, particularly Lake Rana Mese thus it is a new record for Flores and extending the were previously visited and described by Rensch distribution of the species further west from the pre- (1930). Herbarium preparation followed van viously Seram Island in the Moluccas (Keim et al., Balgooy (1987) and Stone (1983). The research was 2008). conducted using open ended interview, field obser- In almost all local languages spoken in the area vations, and purposive sampling. The management understudy P. tectorius (Fig. 4) is known as ―re‘a‖ of Pandanaceae also observed such as extractivism, except in the Bajawa, where it is called ―ze‘a‖. cultivation, diversity, and utilization by local peo- Linguistically this is an interesting finding. The ple. language spoken in Bajawa is known as Ngada, a language which is classified as belonging to the RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Sumba-Flores Group, Ende-Manggarai (Western- Central Flores) Subgroup (Blust, 2009). Unlike The result of the present study indicates that one other languages within the group, the Ngada lan- species of Freycinetia (F. insignis) and four species guage is considered unique as it has no prefixes and of Pandanus (P. amaryllifolius, P. dubius, P. kaern- suffixes at all (Mc Whorther, 2006). As there has bachii, and P. tectorius) were found in Flores. Prior been few reports on the phonology of the language to the present study only F. insignis, P. amaryllifoli- (Djawanai, 1980; Baird, 2002; Suparsa, 2009) the SUSIARTI et al. : Pandan in Flores island: an ethnobotanical study 2013] 435 Fig. 1. Study site finding raises a question if there is a phenomenon of for building materials. Unfortunately by the time sound shift from ―r‖ in other Ende-Manggarai lan- this study was conducted the taxon was neither in guages to ―z‖ in Ngada as indicated by the vernacu- flowering nor fruiting. Thus, the identification of lar names described above (thus ―re‘a‖ to ―ze‘a‖). this taxon to the species level is practically impossi- Further linguistic study is essential for basic ble. knowledge. In Flores P. tectorius is known as ―re‘a‖ in al- most all local languages except in the Bajawa, ETHNOBOTANY OF FLORES PANDANS where it was named ―ze‘a‖. In the wild P. tectorius is abundantly found at the beaches and seashores The result of this study shows that in Flores P. particularly at Nangaroro, Nagekeo District, where tectorius is the commonest species to be used. The they are usually found in flowering and fruiting on species is mostly harvested for its leaves. This find- July to August. This current study shows that this ing is in accordance with Rensch (1930). Pandanus species is common throughout the Kelimutu Na- tectorius is usually planted in home yards, gardens tional Park at altitude of 630 to 990 asl. In Rentung and in rice fields (particularly in the non irrigated village, Manggarai, which is located at 980 to 1040 sections). The other but less utilised species is P. meters altitude (TD 1352) this species is even found kaernbachii. The use of leaves from P. kaernbachii at approximately 1000 meters altitude. These are in Flores Island has never been reported before, surprising discoveries as P. tectorius is previously it is a new ethnobotanical record for the island. known as predominantly seashores and beaches Prior to this present study the usage of materials dwellers; thus adding new information on the spe- from pandan origin by local inhabitants in the cies distribution in relation with elevation gradient. villages surrounding the Ruteng Ecotourism Park, Pandanus tectorius is harvested for its leaves, Manggarai reported by Wawo (1998) but was only which are widely used throughout Flores as raw for mats. materials for mats and handicrafts (Figs. 5 & 6). This current study records that in Flores the Apparently due to this reason P. tectorius is culti- leaves from ―re‘a‖ (Pandanus tectorius) are used as vated. raw materials for many purposes such as: This present study records the presence of a taxon of Pandanus known by local people at Handicrafts Ndonga Kapah, Nangapanda District as ‗mbojo‘. The leaves are not used, only the stems that are used a. Mats 436 REIN WARD TIA [VOL.13 A B C Fig. 2. A. Habitat and habit of Freycinetia insignis; B. Infructescence of Freycinetia insignis; Habit of Pandanus dubius As in other areas in Indonesia (Hofstede, 1925; c. Hat Rahayu et al., 2009; Susiarti & Rahayu, 2010) in Making hats from pandan leaves are more com- Flores mats are also made following simple process plicated than making mats as the leaves are more started from selecting the leaves, removing the narrowly pieced, carefully knitted, and coloured in spines then dried in the sun. After the leaves are red and blue. This hat-producing activity is rarely dried for a day, the leaves are rolled up and stored. seen now. Nevertheless, the hat making industry is The next day the leaves are dried again. This pro- not totally closed as the traditional hats are still cess of sun drying can take 1 to 2 days until the highly regarded and used in the Government Cere- leaves are completely dried. The leaves then monial Feast as can be commonly found in Mang- knitted to create a mat. About 30 leaves are used to garai and usually shown together with the symbol make a 2 × 2 meters mat (Fig. 5). The knitting pro- of the East Nusa Tenggara Province, the Komodo cess is commonly practised by women after work- dragon (Berybe, 2007). ing in the rice fields. A mat can be finished in a week. Mats are usually used for domestic purposes or sold in local market. d. Pillow The mats are commonly called as ―re‘a‖ as well The process of making a traditional pillow is by the people in Flores except in Nangaroro, started by making mats. After the mat has been Sokoria, and Wolosambi, where they are called created, it is rolled up and sewed then filled with ―te‘e re‘a‖. In Rentung the mats are named ―loce kapok (Ceiba pentandra). It is usually coloured in re‘a‖. Whatever the local name is the word ―re‘a‖ red and blue. These traditional pillows can also be is always used. This refers to the plant from which used as ceremonial tables as can be seen in Ren- the raw materials are harvested, P. tectorius and the tung, Manggarai. fact that all languages in the area understudy belong to the Ende-Manggarai (Western-Central Flores) Subgroup). Natural food colouring and flavouring Some people in Flores also use leaves from a As in other parts of Indonesia in Flores the most different species for making mats that is the leaves common species used for natural food colouring of P. kaernbachii or locally known as ―waku‖ as and flavouring is the leaves harvested from P. am- can be seen in Nangaroro, Manggarai and Puujita, aryllifolius, the famous aromatic pandan. In local Wolosambi. The mat-producing process is the same languages it is simply known as ―panda‖. The leaf as in P. tectorius. Waku itself means umbrella in produces natural green colour and characteristic the local languages spoken in those areas which flavour for the prepared food. refers to the other usage of the leaves (Fig. 6). Building materials b. Coffee container The leaves of P. tectorius can also be used for In Flores the stems from a taxon of Pandanus making traditional coffee container called ―roto‖. locally known as ―mbojo‖ are used as building ma- ―Roto‖ is used as container for storing coffee beans terials. Unfortunately, the individuals found were during coffee harvesting time as can be seen in not in fruiting by the time the exploration made, Manggarai. ―Roto‖ can also be used as a container thus were not collected. for piper leaves, betel nuts, and chalks. It is usually layered by bamboo. SUSIARTI et al. : Pandan in Flores island: an ethnobotanical study 2013] 437 A B C Fig. 3. A. The habit of Pandanus kaernbachii found at Puujita within the vicinity of Wolosambi village at 220 meter altitude. This finding marks the new record of the species for the Lesser Sunda Islands; B. The obvious prop roots of Pandanus kaernbachii. The prop roots of P. kaernbachii are not used by the local people; C. Pandanus kaernbachii showing the single elongate-lanceolate leaf, mature cephalia, and juvenile individual ready to be planted. Fig. 4. A. The habit of Pandanus tectorius planted at Nangaroro beach; B. The male inflorescence of Pandanus tecto- rius at anthesis; C. The mature cephalium of Pandanus tectorius. The cephalium of P. tectorius is not consumed by local people. Fig. 5. A. A lady is harvesting pandan leaves; B. Clearing the spines from pandan leaves; C. Making mats from color- ing pandan leaves. 438 REIN WARD TIA [VOL.13 Fig. 6. A. Traditional umbrella made from Waku; B. Traditional hat as a symbol of East Nusa Tenggara Province. Ornamental plants REFERENCES The result of this present study indicates that in BAIRD, L. 2002. A Grammar of Kéo: An Austronesian Flores P. dubius and P. tectorius are planted as or- language of East Nusantara. Australian National namental plants. In Nangaroro P. dubius is the University, Canberra. [PhD. 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