Pan-Asianism in Modern Japanese History Regionalism has played an increasingly important role in the changing inter- national relations of East Asia in recent decades, with early signs of integration and growing regional cooperation. This in-depth volume analyzes various historical approaches to the construction of a regional order and a regional identity in East Asia. It explores the ideology of Pan-Asianism as a predecessor to contemporary Asian regionalism, which served as the basis for efforts at regional integration in East Asia, but also as a tool for legitimizing Japanese colonial rule. This mobilization of the Asian peoples occurred through a collective regional identity established from cohesive cultural factors such as language, religion, geography, and race. In discussing Asian identity, the book succeeds in bringing historical perspective to bear on approaches to regional cooperation and integration, as well as analyzing various utilizations and manifestations of the pan-Asian ideology. Pan-Asianism in Modern Japanese History provides an illuminating and extensive account of the historical backgrounds of current debates surround- ing Asian identity and essential information and analyses for anyone with an interest in history as well as Asian and Japanese studies. Sven Saaler is Associate Professor at the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, University of Tokyo. He was formerly head of the Humanities Section of the German Institute for Japanese Studies (DIJ) in Tokyo. J. Victor Koschmann is Professor of History at Cornell University where he has specialized in modern Japan’s intellectual and cultural history with refer- ence to political thought. Asia’s Transformations Edited by Mark Selden Binghamton and Cornell Universities, USA  e books in this series explore the political, social, economic and cultural conse- quences of Asia’s transformations in the twentieth and twenty-fi rst centuries.  e series emphasizes the tumultuous interplay of local, national, regional and global forces as Asia bids to become the hub of the world economy. While focusing on the contemporary, it also looks back to analyze the antecedents of Asia’s contested rise.  is series comprises several strands: Asia’s Transformations aims to address the needs of students and teachers, and the titles will be published in hardback and paperback. Titles include: Debating Human Rights Critical essays from the United States and Asia Edited by Peter Van Ness Hong Kong’s History State and society under colonial rule Edited by Tak-Wing Ngo Japan’s Comfort Women Sexual slavery and prostitution during World War II and the US occupation Yuki Tanaka Opium, Empire and the Global Political Economy Carl A. Trocki Chinese Society Change, confl ict and resistance Edited by Elizabeth J. Perry and Mark Selden Mao’s Children in the New China Voices from the Red Guard generation Yarong Jiang and David Ashley Remaking the Chinese State Strategies, society and security Edited by Chien-min Chao and Bruce J. Dickson Korean Society Civil society, democracy and the state Edited by Charles K. Armstrong  e Making of Modern Korea Adrian Buzo  e Resurgence of East Asia 500, 150 and 50 year perspectives Edited by Giovanni Arrighi, Takeshi Hamashita and Mark Selden Chinese Society, Second edition Change, confl ict and resistance Edited by Elizabeth J. Perry and Mark Selden Ethnicity in Asia Edited by Colin Mackerras  e Battle for Asia From decolonization to globalization Mark T. Berger State and Society in 21st Century China Edited by Peter Hays Gries and Stanley Rosen Japan’s Quiet Transformation Social change and civil society in the 21st century Jeff Kingston Confronting the Bush Doctrine Critical views from the Asia-Pacifi c Edited by Mel Gurtov and Peter Van Ness China in War and Revolution, 1895–1949 Peter Zarrow  e Future of US–Korean Relations  e imbalance of power Edited by John Feff er Working in China Ethnographies of labor and workplace transformations Edited by Ching Kwan Lee Korean Society, Second edition Civil society, democracy and the state Edited by Charles K. Armstrong Singapore  e state and the culture of excess Souchou Yao Pan-Asianism in Modern Japanese History Colonialism, regionalism and borders Edited by Sven Saaler and J. Victor Koschmann Asia’s Great Cities Each volume aims to capture the heartbeat of the contemporary city from multiple perspectives emblematic of the authors own deep familiarity with the distinctive faces of the city, its history, society, culture, politics and economics, and its evolving position in national, regional and global frameworks. While most volumes emphasize urban developm ents since the Second World War, some pay close attention to the legacy of the longue durée in shaping the contemporary. Thematic and comparative volumes address such themes as urbanization, economic and financial linkages, archi- tecture and space, wealth and power, gendered relationships, planning and anarchy, and ethnographies in national and regional perspective. Titles include: Bangkok Place, practice and representation Marc Askew Beijing in the Modern World David Strand and Madeline Yue Dong Shanghai Global city Jeff Wasserstrom Hong Kong Global city Stephen Chiu and Tai-Lok Lui Representing Calcutta Modernity, nationalism and the colonial uncanny Swati Chattopadhyay Singapore Wealth, power and the culture of control Carl A. Trocki Asia.com is a series which focuses on the ways in which new information and com- municat ion technologies are infl uencing politics, society and culture in Asia. Titles include: Japanese Cybercultures Edited by Mark McLelland and Nanette Gottlieb Asia.com Asia encounters the Internet Edited by K.C. Ho, Randolph Kluver and Kenneth C.C. Yang  e Internet in Indonesia’s New Democracy David T. Hill and Krishna Sen Chinese Cyberspaces Technological changes and political eff ects Edited by Jens Damm and Simona  omas Literature and Society is a series that seeks to demonstrate the ways in which Asian Literature is infl uenced by the politics, society and culture in which it is produced. Titles include:  e Body in Postwar Japanese Fiction Edited by Douglas N. Slaymaker Chinese Women Writers and the Feminist Imagination, 1905–1948 Haiping Yan Routledge Studies in Asia’s Transformations is a forum for innovative new research intended for a high-level specialist readership, and the titles will be available in hard- back only. Titles include: 1.  e American Occupation of Japan and Okinawa* Literature and memory Michael Molasky 2. Koreans in Japan* Critical voices from the margin Edited by Sonia Ryang 3. Internationalizing the Pacifi c  e United States, Japan and the Institute of Pacifi c Relations in War and Peace, 1919–1945 Tomoko Akami 4. Imperialism in South East Asia ‘A fl eeting, passing phase’ Nicholas Tarling 5. Chinese Media, Global Contexts Edited by Chin-Chuan Lee 6. Remaking Citizenship in Hong Kong Community, nation and the global city Edited by Agnes S. Ku and Ngai Pun 7. Japanese Industrial Governance Protectionism and the licensing state Yul Sohn 8. Developmental Dilemmas Land reform and institutional change in China Edited by Peter Ho 9. Genders, Transgenders and Sexualities in Japan Edited by Mark McLelland and Romit Dasgupta 10. Fertility, Family Planning and Population Policy in China Edited by Dudley L. Poston, Che-Fu Lee, Chiung-Fang Chang, Sherry L. McKibben and Carol S. Walther * Now available in paperback 11. Japanese Diasporas Unsung pasts, confl icting presents and uncertain futures Edited by Nobuko Adachi 12. How China Works Perspectives on the twentieth-century industrial workplace Edited by Jacob Eyferth 13. Remolding and Resistance among Writers of the Chinese Prison Camp Disciplined and published Edited by Philip F. Williams and Yenna Wu 14. Popular Culture, Globalization and Japan Edited by Matthew Allen and Rumi Sakamoto 15. Pan-Asianism in Modern Japanese History Colonialism, regionalism and borders Edited by Sven Saaler and J. Victor Koschmann First published 2007 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada by Routledge 270 Madison Ave, New York, NY 10016 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business This edition published in the Taylor & Francis e-Library, 2006. “To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.” © 2007 Sven Saaler and J. Victor Koschmann, selection and editorial matter; the contributors, their chapters All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Pan-Asianism in modern Japanese history: colonialism, regionalism and borders/edited by Sven Saaler and J. Victor Koschmann. p. cm.–(Asia’s transformations) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. East Asia–Relations–Japan. 2. Japan–Relations–East Asia. 3. Japan–Foreign relations–1868– 4. Regionalism–East Asia. I. Saaler, Sven, 1968– II. Koschmann, J. Victor. DS518.45.P36 2007 327.5205–dc22 2006023280 ISBN 0-203-96546-9 Master e-book ISBN ISBN 10: 0–415–37215–1 (hbk) ISBN 10: 0–415–37216–X (pbk) ISBN 10: 0–203–96546–9 (ebk) ISBN 13: 978–0–415–37215–2 (hbk) ISBN 13: 978–0–415–37216–9 (pbk) ISBN 13: 978–0–203–96546–7 (ebk) Contents List of contributors xi Preface xv 1 Pan-Asianism in modern Japanese history: overcoming the nation, creating a region, forging an empire 1 SVEN SAALER PART I Creating a regional identity: ideal and reality 19 2 Pan-Asianism in modern Japan: nationalism, regionalism and universalism 21 MIWA KIMITADA 3 The Asianism of the Kōa-kai and the Ajia Kyōkai: reconsidering the ambiguity of Asianism 34 KUROKI MORIFUMI 4 Universal values and Pan-Asianism: the vision of Ōmotokyō 52 LI NARANGOA 5 Pan-Asianism and national reorganization: Japanese perceptions of China and the United States, 1914–19 67 KATŌ YŌKO PART II Regionalism, nationalism and ethnocentrism 83 6 Between Pan-Asianism and nationalism: Mitsukawa Kametarō and his campaign to reform Japan and liberate Asia 85 CHRISTOPHER W. A. SZPILMAN