C P a i ROUTLEDGE AFRICAN STUDIES ti n ROUTLEDGE AFRICAN STUDIES z - e A n f r s i h c i a p n Music, Performance and African Identities a is n m Edited by Toyin Falola and Tyler Fleming d , I a d n Environment and Economics in Nigeria e d n Edited by Toyin Falola and Adam Paddock t t i h t y e Close to the Sources P o Essays on Contemporary African Culture, Politics and Academy l i Abebe Zegeye and Maurice Vambe ti c s o Landscape and Environment in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa f Edited by Toyin Falola and Emily Brownell A f r i Development, Modernism and Modernity in Africa c a Edited by Augustine Agwuele n Natural Resources, Conflict, and Sustainable Development Lessons from the Niger Delta Edited by Okechukwu Ukaga, Ukoha O. Ukiwo and Ibaba Samuel Ibaba Regime Change and Succession Politics in Africa Five Decades of Misrule a E Edited by Maurice Nyamanga Amutabi and Shadrack Wanjala Nasong’o n d d i te K d The Political Economy of Development and w b Pan-Africanism, and the Politics of Underdevelopment in Africa a y m T Edited by Toyin Falola and Jessica Achberge e o E y African Citizenship and Identity s in Pan-Africanism, and the Politics of African Citizenship and Identity sie F n a Edited by Toyin Falola and Kwame Essien lo la Edited by Toyin Falola and Kwame Essien ISBN 978-0-415-83629-6 www.routledge.com Pan-Africanism, and the Politics of African Citizenship and Identity There is no recent literature that underscores the transition from Pan- Africanism to Diaspora discourse. This book examines the gradual shift and four major transformations in the study of Pan-Africanism. It off ers an “academic post-mortem” that seeks to gauge the extent to which Pan- Africanism overlaps with the study of the African Diaspora and reverse migrations; how Diaspora studies has penetrated various disciplines while Pan-Africanism is located on the periphery of the fi eld. The book argues that the gradual shift from Pan-African discourses has created a new path- way for engaging Pan-African ideology from academic and social perspec- tives. Also, the book raises questions about the recent political waves that have swept across North Africa and their implications to the study of twen- ty-fi rst century Pan-African solidarity on the African continent. The ways in which African institutions are attracting and mobilizing returnees and Pan-Africanists with incentives as dual-citizenship for diasporans to sup- port reforms in Africa off ers a new alternative approach for exploring Pan- African ideology in the twenty-fi rst century. Returnees are also using these incentives to gain economic and cultural advantage. The book will appeal to policy makers, government institutions, research libraries, undergradu- ate and graduate students, and scholars from many diff erent disciplines. Toyin Falola is the Frances Higginbotham Nalle Centennial Professor in History at the University of Texas at Austin. Kwame Essien is an Assistant Professor of History at the Department of History and Africana Studies at Lehigh University, Bethlehem-PA. Routledge African Studies 1 Facts, Fiction, and African 9 Regime Change and Succession Creative Imaginations Politics in Africa Edited by Toyin Falola Five Decades of Misrule and Fallou Ngom Edited by Maurice Nyamanga Amutabi and Shadrack Wanjala 2 The Darfur Confl ict Nasong’o Geography or Institutions? Osman Suliman 10 The Political Economy of Development and 3 Music, Performance and African Underdevelopment in Africa Identities Edited by Toyin Falola Edited by Toyin Falola and Jessica Achberger and Tyler Fleming 11 Pan-Africanism, and the Politics 4 Environment and Economics in of African Citizenship and Nigeria Identity Edited by Toyin Falola Edited by Toyin Falola and Adam Paddock and Kwame Essien 5 Close to the Sources Essays on Contemporary African Culture, Politics and Academy Abebe Zegeye and Maurice Vambe 6 Landscape and Environment in Colonial and Postcolonial Africa Edited by Toyin Falola and Emily Brownell 7 Development, Modernism and Modernity in Africa Edited by Augustine Agwuele 8 Natural Resources, Confl ict, and Sustainable Development Lessons from the Niger Delta Edited by Okechukwu Ukaga, Ukoha O. Ukiwo and Ibaba Samuel Ibaba Pan-Africanism, and the Politics of African Citizenship and Identity Edited by Toyin Falola and Kwame Essien NEW YORK LONDON First published 2014 by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Simultaneously published in the UK by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2014 Taylor & Francis The right of Toyin Falola and Kwame Essien to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pan-Africanism, and the politics of African citizenship and identity / edited by Toyin Falola and Kwame Essien. p. cm. — (Routledge African studies ; 11) Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Pan-Africanism. 2. African diaspora. 3. Ethnicity— Africa. 4. Africa—Emigration and immigration. I. Falola, Toyin. II. Essien, Kwame. III. Series: Routledge African studies ; 11. DT31.P317 2013 320.54096—dc23 2013004260 ISBN13: 978-0-415-83629-6 (hbk) ISBN13: 978-0-203-72503-0 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by IBT Global. To Professor Juliet E.K. Walker and Dr. Tyler Fleming for supporting graduate students. Page Intentionally Left Blank Contents List of Figures ix Acknowledgments xi Introduction 1 TOYIN FALOLA AND KWAME ESSIEN PART I Historicizing Pan-Africanism and the Contradictions 1 Pan-African Theory’s Impact on the Development of Afrocentric Education in Jamaica 13 JAMAINE ABIDOGUN 2 “Africa, the Land of Our Fathers”: The Emigration of Charlestonians to Liberia in the Nineteenth Century 28 LAWRENCE AJE 3 Liberia After Creation: Whither the Pan-Africanist Dream? 42 INYANG ETIM BASSEY 4 Pan-Africanism and Slave Rebellions: The Interconnections 59 AMINAH WALLACE PART II Pan-African Citizenship, Identity, and Entitlements: The Place of Pan-Africanism in Reverse Diaspora Migrations 5 The Global Implications of Pan-Africanism and the Establishment of “New Communities” in Africa: The Case of Victoria in Southwest Cameroon 85 RICHARD AGBOR A. ENOH viii Contents 6 “Performance” in Transatlantic Communities in Africa: The Case of Brazilian-Africans and American-Africans in Ghana 101 KWAME ESSIEN 7 Mobilizing the African Diaspora for Development: The Politics of Dual Citizenship in Ghana 119 GEORGE M. BOB-MILLIAR AND GLORIA K. BOB-MILLIAR 8 Citizens and Strangers in the Virgin Forest Together?: Migrations and Cross-Cultural Encounters in the Oral Histories of the Sefwi Debiso Community of Western Ghana 137 AUGUSTINE TAWIAH PART III Re-Evaluating Pan-Africanism, the Challenges in the Past, and the Way Forward 9 Nationality and the Pan-African State 151 VINCENT DODOO AND WILHELMINA DONKOH 10 Critical Departures in the Practice of Pan-Africanism in the New Millennium 172 HARRY ODAMTTEN 11 Pan-Africanism and the Place of Africa in Contemporary World Power Politics 187 SHARON A. OMOTOSO AND EMMANUEL A. LAYODE 12 The Spirit of Pan-Africanism and Nationalist Consciousness: The Way Forward in the 21st Century 202 SEGUN OGUNGBEMI 13 Pan-Africanism in World Politics: The Geopolitics of the Pan-African Movement, 1900–2000 215 G. N. UZOIGWE Contributions 247 Index 251 Figures 1.1 Map of Jamaica. 14 6.1 Brazil House. 112 6.2 Door of Return. 112