Digitized by the Internet Archive in 2019 with funding from Kahle/Austin Foundation https://archive.org/details/panafricanismshoOOOOIegu PAN-AFRICANISM A short political guide Also by Colin Legum ATTITUDE TO AFRICA MUST WE LOSE AFRICA? BANDUNG, CAIRO AND ACCRA CONGO DISASTER AFRICA: A HANDBOOK SOUTH AFRICA: CRISIS FOR THE WEST (with Margaret Legum) 1/ 'I COLIN LEGUM PAN-AFRICANISM A SHORT POLITICAL GUIDE REVISED EDITION FREDERICK A. PRAEGER, Publishers New York • Washington • London Acknowledgments The works of all writers quoted have been fully acknowledged. But my special acknowledgment and thanks are due to the following authors and publishers: Ras Khan, The Poetry of Dr. R. E. G. Armattoe (Presence Africaine, Paris); Mr. Harold R. Isaacs; Langston Hughes, The Langston Hughes Reader (Braziller, New York), Selected Poems (Alfred A. Knopf, New York), Tambourines to Glory (John Day, New York); Olumbe Bassir, An Anthology of West African Verse (Ibadan); Miriam Koshland for her translations in Black Orpheus (Ibadan); David Diop, Les Temps du Martyr (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris); Aime Cesaire, Four Poems and The Return of the Native (Black Orpheus, Ibadan, and Presence Africaine, Paris); Leopold Senghor, Anthologie de la Nouvelle Poesie Negre et Malgache (Presses Universitaires de France, Paris); Michael Dei-Aneng, Wayward Lines from Africa; Claude McKay, Out¬ cast (Twayne, New York); Leon Dalmas (Presence Africaine, Paris). FREDERICK A. PRAEGER, Publishers 111 Fourth Avenue, New York 3, N.Y., U.S.A. 77-79 Charlotte Street, London W.i, England Published in the United States of America in 1965 by Frederick A. Praeger, Inc., Publishers This is an enlarged and revised edition of the book first published in 1962 by Frederick A. Praeger, Inc. All rights reserved © 1962, 1965 by Colin Legum Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 65-15641 Printed in the United States of America ONHLP PREFACE TO THE REVISED EDITION I concluded the first edition of this book with the following observation: ‘Nowhere in this book have I made any claims about Pan-Africanism. I have tried to describe it as objectively as I can. I have no views of my own about whether it will succeed or fail in the end. I am more concerned at this stage to understand it, to be “with it” (in the modern phrase), than to pass judgments on it. That it is a dynamic movement nobody can deny. That it is evolv¬ ing new ideas and methods with great rapidity is plain. But who can say with any degree of confidence where it will lead?’ Although much has happened since that edition appeared, I have no reason to revise that open-ended conclusion. Pan-Africanism has maintained its dynamism and its flexibility. Its fortunes have fluctuated with a rapidity that has made keeping pace with them difficult, let alone attempting to make durable evaluations of them. As one concerned primarily with contemporary history I do not regard it useful at this stage to attempt a serious evaluation of the episodes I record. This is not the same as saying that I have adopted an uncritical attitude in the way I have recorded the growth of Pan-Africanist ideas and movements. However, I have tried to avoid taking sides between the rival leaders and the contesting ideas and viewpoints within the Pan-African movement. ‘Fission and Fusion’—Chapter VIII of this new edition—is a record of developments between 1962 and 1964. I have found it more convenient to adopt this method than to revise each section. The only important exception is Chapter V—‘Africa’s Divided Workers’—which my wife has made more comprehensive. Finally, to avoid an unhandy expansion of the book I have omit¬ ted a number of appendices: ‘The Idea of an African Personality’ (extracts from an address by Dr. Edward W. Blyden), Chief Awolowo’s ‘Statement on African Affairs’, and Dr. Azikiwe’s ad¬ dress, ‘The Future of Pan-Africanism’. Students interested in these documents will be able to refer to them in library copies of the first edition. In their place I have introduced four new appendices: the 6 PREFACE Charter of the Organisation of African Unity, the OAU Protocol on Mediation, Conciliation and Arbitration, the principal resolu¬ tions of the first summit meeting of African Heads of State at Addis Ababa, 1963, and those of the first Assembly of the Heads of State and Government of the OAU, Cairo, 1964. Colin Legum London. November, 1^64. PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITION This book is dedicated to the work of the Africa Bureau. In an abbreviated form it was delivered as the Africa Bureau’s 1961 Annual Address. I am grateful to the Chairman, Lord Hemingford, and to the Executive for agreeing that the Address should be published in this expanded form. The book is in two parts; the first might be more readable, but the second is more useful. In the first part I have tried to trace briefly the origins and growth of Pan-Africanism, and its subse¬ quent impact on Africa after its transplantation in 1958. In the second part I have provided a documentary guide to Pan- Africanism, the absence of which I personally have felt to be a great handicap in the past. This is only a start; much more work requires to be done by our academic colleagues who have so far largely neglected this field of study. Although I must accept sole responsibility for the views expressed in this book, I am nevertheless greatly indebted to Dr. George Shepperson of Edinburgh University, and Professor St. Clair Drake of Roosevelt University, Chicago, for having read and criticised this work at various stages; to Mr. Harold R. Isaacs of the Center for International Studies, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, whose studies on Negro literature have been particularly valuable to me in a field in which he has done so much work and of which I know com¬ paratively little. Finally 1 must mention my wife who has worked almost as hard as I have in revising the manuscript and who wrote the chapter on ‘Africa’s Divided Workers’. Colin Legum London. November, ig6i