Libels and Declarations: Pamphlets and Printers of the Catholic League. Presented by Lydia A. M. Fletcher INF 385T - Studies in the Book Arts Fall 2011 Introduction This exhibition focuses on the printing career of a single League partisan, Didier Millot, “libraire-imprimeur” and partisan of the Catholic League. Millot first became active as a printer in Paris in 1584. From 1587 to 1589 he operated in the Rue de la Petite Bretonnerie, near the Port Saint Jacques, and in 1590 he moved to the Rue Saint Jacques “à l’enseigne de l’Éléphant”1. Millot’s early printing efforts were primarily works of popular literature such as the Histoire plaisant, a popular play from Germany2 and a popular work on remedies for the plague and whooping cough by Jean Suau. Millot’s early pro-League works tended to be mildly political. In 1589, however, he began to publish some of the most seditious and radical League publications, such as La vie et faites notables de Henry de Valois. The Catholic League was formed in France in 1576 by Henri de Lorraine, Duc de Guise, and his brothers Charles, Duc de Mayenne, and Francis, Cardinal de Guise. The original intent of the League was to oppose the rise of the Huguenots in France in general and the possible succession to the French throne of Henry of Navarre, who was a Protestant. However, the Guise brothers also coveted the French throne for their family and concocted a genealogy that “proved” their descent from Charlemagne and argued that this made them a legitimate alternative to the ruling Valois dynasty. King Henry III managed to negate the power of this early formation of the League by manoeuvring politically to have himself appointed as head of the League instead of Henry de Guise. It was from this point, however, that the League began to quietly begin gaining popularity among the Henry III, King of France Catholics of France, especially in Paris3. When the League was resurrected in 1585, it had a much From Henri IV: An Unfinished Reign, more radical outlook. After the death of Henry III’s younger brother, http://www.henri-iv.culture.fr/ 1 Renouard “Imprimeurs Parisiens” 271. 2 Lima 56-7. 3 Ramsey 14-15. Francis, Duc d’Anjou, Henry of Navarre became the heir apparent to the throne. Henry III’s early promise as a strong king was quickly dashed by his favoritism towards the young courtiers who became known as the mignons4. Early League pamphlets were typical exercises in propaganda, denouncing the king’s favorites5 and recounting moments of triumph for the Catholic cause6, such as the anonymous La nouvelle deffaicte des reistres, par monseigneur le duc de Guyse, faicte le dimanche vingt-deuxiesme jour de noue[m]bre, mil cinq cens quatre vingts-sept. Ensemble le nombre des morts & prisonniers printed in 1587. The catalyst for the eruption of politicized pamphlets in 1589 was the assassinations of the Duc and Cardinal de Guise in December 1588 in the Château of Blois, Henry III’s royal residence in Blois7. The purpose of the pamphlets was to justify action against king. After the death of the Guises, the Catholic League expected Henry III to be excommunicated by Pope Sixtus V, who was friendly to their cause. However, this would not suffice as a sufficient reason to depose Henry from the throne, let alone justify his death. The League, therefore, began publishing works that dwelt on Henry’s witchcraft and sorcery8—one pamphlet managed to call Henry a “liar, traitor, coward, slave, tyrant, tiger, perjurer, murderer, parricide, assassin, devil, thief, sybarite, atheist, heretic, and knave” in a single fifty-page pamphlet9. Interestingly, the pamphlets universally fail to refer to the Henry, Duc de Guise 4 Baumgartner 66. 5 Baumgartner 107. From Musée Carnavalet, Paris, 6 Bell 376. http://carnavalet.paris.fr/ 7 Ramsey 16. 8 Baumgartner 106. 9 Bell 371. King of France by his title, and only call him Henry de Valois, marking him as a mortal man like any other. As is typical with works of propaganda, the pamphlets of the League from this time “attempted to engage the specific prejudices, preconceptions, and fears of their readers”10. The pamphlets were mostly anonymous or printed under pseudonyms, however, they were published by well-known partisans of the League11. Pro-League printers in Paris during this time did not need to fear reprisals from the king—Paris was completely controlled by the League through the preachers in the local Paris churches12, so there was little need to hide behind false imprints. There were originally hundreds of such pamphlets, according to the contemporary diarist Pierre de l’Estoile13, but most of the pamphlets were destroyed during the early years of the reign of Henry IV when he instituted a major program of destroying them14. Ultimately, the League’s propaganda machine worked and a young monk named Jacques Clément assassinated Henry III in May1588. After a lengthy struggle with the League, Henry de Navarre abjured his Protestate faith and became King Henry IV of France15. Millot stopped printing abruptly in 159016. This coincided with Henry IV’s triumph in Paris and the burning of many of the League’s most virulent publications. His son, Jean, followed in his father’s footsteps and became a printer during the reign of Henry IV17. 10 Bell 272. 11 Cameron 283. 12 Baumgartner 106. 13 Baumgartner 106. 14 Cameron 285. 15 Ramsey 16. 16 Renouard “Imprimeurs Parisiens” 271. 17 Renouard “Imprimeurs Parisies” 271. Assassination of Henry III From Henri IV: An Unfinished Reign, http://www.henri-iv.culture.fr/ 1 Apologie catholique: contre les libelles, declarations, aduis, consultations faites, escrites, & publiées par les Liguez perturbateurs du repos du royaume de France: qui se sont esleuez depuis le decez de feu monseigneur, frere vnique du roy. Belloy, Pierre de, 1540?-1609? [N.P.], 1585. A very early apology written to denounce the earliest printing efforts of the League. It is included in this exhibition to show that the Leaguers did not have total control of the printing presses in France. Lent by: Austin, TX, Harry Ransom Center, DC 119 B455 1586 2 Histoire plaisante des faicts et gestes de Harlequin commedien italien, contenant ses songes et visions, sa descente aux enfers pour en tirer la mère Cardine, comment et avec quels hazards il en eschappa après y avoir trompé le roy d’iceluy, Cerberus et tous les autres diables. A Paris: par Didier Millot, 1585. One of the first surviving printing efforts by Didier Millot, this play was immensely popular in sixteenth-century France and Millot’s printing of it demonstrates his astute awareness of his audience as well as the fact that he was not always solely a printer of League pamphlets. It was translated out of German and is the first known appearance of the Harlequin character. The plot relates the protagonist to things hellish, albeit in a comic manner, when Harlequin descends into Pluto’s realm, charms his way across the Styx and into Persephone’s bed, all to rescue the madam Mutter Cardine1. Lent by: Paris, France, Bibliothèque nationale de France, FRBNF33419606 1 Lima 56-7. 3 Traitez, contenans la pure et vraye doctrine de la peste & de la coqueluche, les impostures spagyriques, & plusieurs abus de la medecine, chirurgie, & pharmacie. Suau, Jean, 1528-1603. Paris: Didier Millot, 1586. Another early work by Millot, this is a treatise on the best treatments of the plague, whooping cough, and “spagyric impostures” including “many abuses of medicine, surgery, and pharmacy.” Lent by: Bethesda, MD, National Library of Medicine HMD Collection, WZ 240 S939t 1586 4 La nouvelle deffaicte des reistres, par monseigneur le duc de Guyse, faicte le dimanche vingt-deuxiesme jour de noue[m]bre, mil cinq cens quatre vingts-sept. Ensemble le nombre des morts & prisonniers. [Paris]: Chez Didier Millot, 1587. This book is Millot’s first surviving pro-League publication. It relates a great victory won by Henri de Guise on 22 November 1587, the Battle of Auneau. Lent by: Edinburgh, United Kingdom, National Library of Scotland, BCL.B4403(6) 5 Histoire contenant les plvs memorables faits advenvs en l’an 1587 tant en l’armee commandee par Monsieur le Duc de Guyse, qu’en celle des Huguenots, conduite par le Duc de Bouillon. La Chatre, Claude de, 1536?-1614. A Paris: Chez Didier Millot, 1588. “Story containing the most memorable events which have occurred in the year 1587 both in the army commanded by the Duc de Guise and in that of the Huguenots, led by the Duke of Bouillon.” Lent by: Madison, WI, University of Wisconsin-Madison Memorial Library Special Collections French Pamphlet d. 1588 6 Discours veritable sur ce qui est arrivé à Paris le douziéme de May 1588 par lequel clairement on congnoit les mensonges & impostures des ennemis du repos public allencontre de Monseigneur le Duc de Guise, Propagateur de l’Eglise Catholique. À Paris: Chez Didier Millot, 1588. A pamphlet about what happened in Paris on 12 May 1588, known as the Day of the Barricades, which aims to lay out “the lies & deceptions of the enemy against the public peace of the Duke of Guise, the Defender of the Catholic Church.” Lent by: East Lansing, MI, Michigan State University Special Collections, XX DC120 .D55 1588 7 Coppie d’vne lettre escrite av roy, et extraict d’vne autre aux princes & seigneurs françois, le 17 iour de may dernier. Guise, Henri, duc de, 1550-1588. Paris: Didier Millot , 1588. Letter of the Duc de Guise to King Henry III, explaining his entrance into Paris and the erection of barricades by Parisians in his support against the King on the Day of the Barricades. It is notable that the title page (reproduced at right) explicitly states that Millot reprinted the letter “avec permission” from the Duc de Guise. Lent by: Durham, NC, Duke University David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library, x c.1 Image from: French Political Pamphlets, Brigham Young University Library’s Digital Collections, http://lib.byu.edu/dlib/fpp/ 8 Le procez verbal d’vn nommé Nicolas Poulain, lieutenant de la Preuosté de l’Isle de France qui contient l’histoire de la Ligue, depuis le second ianuier 1585. iusques au iour des barricades, escheuës le 12. may 1588. Dupuy, Pierre,; 1582-1651. [N.p.], 1588. The testimony of a man named Nicolas Poulain, Lieutenant Prevost of the Isle de France, in which he betrayed the League and detailed the machinations of the League from 2 January 1585 (allegedly when he joined the League) until the events of the Day of the Barricades. Lent by: Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Kroch Library Rare & Manuscripts, DC119 .L64 1621 no.2 9 Coppie De La Tradvction d’vne lettre escrite en Allement à Monseigneur le Duc de Guise, ... par les Colonel et Capitaines des Suisses du Roy, le 14, iour du mois du May, dernier.  A Paris: Chez Didier Millot, 1588. A translation from German of a letter sent to the Duc de Guise by the colonels and captains of the King’s Swiss Guard on 14 May 1588. Lent by: The Hague, Netherlands, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Pflt 822a 10 Coppie Des Lettres Envoyees Par Nostre Sainct Pere Le Pape: A Monsieur le Cardinal de Bourbon, & à Monseigneur le Duc de Guyse. Donnees à Rome le quinziesme de Iuillet, 1588. Sixtus V, Pope, 1520-1590. A Paris: Chez Didier Millot, demeurant ruë de la petite Bretonnerie, pres la porte Sainct Iacques, 1588. Copies of letters sent Pope Sixtus V to the Cardinal de Bourbon and to the Duc de Guise on 15 July 1588 to “remain strong against the Huguenots and the indifference of Henry III.” Lent by: Provo, UT, Brigham Young University HBLL Special Collections, 944.03 A1 no.294