CISTERCIAN STUDIES SERIES: NUMBER FORTY-SEVEN pachorn~ank o~nonla Volume t h ~ e e Instnuctlons. Lettens, anb Othe~W nmncjs of salnt pachomlus anb hls blsapL€s CISTERCIAN STUDIES SERIES: NUMBER FORTY-SEVEN pachomran kornonra the L~ves,R ules, anb Othen WRltlncis of Volume Eh~ee Salnt pachomlus anb his b~sc~ples Instauctlons, Lette~sa, nb OtheR WRltlncis of Salnt pachomlus anb hls blsc~ples Translated, with an introduction, by Armand elleux Monk of Mistassini Cistercian Publications Inc. Kalamazoo, Michigan @ Cistercian Publications. Inc., 1982 Kalamarm, Michigan 49008 Publication of this volvm.? was auktcd by a grant frmn the To the memory of ~~blicatiaPnrro gram of the National Endowment for the Humanitin an ind~pndcnfte deral agency. Father Basilius Steidle, OSB, Translation of the worh contaimcd in thii volume (1903-1982), was made p i b ki n pan by a translator's grant from the my dearly remembered professor, National Endowment for the Humanities. who first introduced me to monastic studies. Washihigron, D.C. Available in Bdain and Europe through A. R. Mawbray 81 co Ltd st. ~hmnaoH ow Becket Street Oxford OX1 1SJ Library 01 Congrem Cataloging in Publicadon Data Main entry under title: Instructions, letters, and ather writing. (Pachomian koinonia; v. 5) (Cistercian studies wries; 47) Bibliography: p. 299 lndudn index 1. Christian literature. Early-Collected work. I. VciUcu.. Armand. 11. Series. 111. Serin: Cistercian srudier wries: 47. BRl72o.ps5E vol. 3 [BR60.A62] 271'.12s (271'81 81-10140 ISBN (hardcover) 0-87907.847-2 (u. 5) (phprback) 0-87907-947-9 CONTENTS CntzcalEdzttons INTRODUCTION THE WRITINGS OF PACHOMIUS Instructions Letters Fragments THE WRITINGS OF THEODORE Instructions Letters Fragments THE WRITINGS OF HORSIESIOS Instructions Letters Fragments Testament 1 Analytic Index Index of Names of Persons 1 Index of Names ofplaces Biblical Index Abbreviations Bibliography I Sources Sigh Critical Editions CRITICAL EDITIONS WRITINGS OF HORSIESIOS: of the texts translated in this volume . . . Instructions: L.T. Lefort, Oeuvres pp. 66-79. WRITINGS OF PACHOMIUS: Letters: I and 11: Ibidem, pp. 63-65. Instructions: L.T. Lefort, Oeuvres de s. Pachdme et deses dis- I11 and IV: MS Chester Beatty Library Ac 1494 and 1495. ciples, CSCO 159. Louvain, 1956, pp. 1-26. Fragments: L.T. Lefort, Oeuvres.. ., pp. 81-82. Letters: Coptic text: Hans Quecke, Die Briefe Pachoms. Griechischer Text der Handschrift W. 145 Testament: A. Boon, Pachomiana latina.. . , pp. 109-147. der Chester Beatty Library eingeleitet und herawgegeben uon Hans Quecke. Anhang: Die koptischen Fragmente und Zitate der Pa- chombriefe. Textw Patristici et I.iturgici 11 Regensburg, 1975, pp. 111-118. Letter llb has been translated from a photocopy of MS Bodmer P. XXXIX. Greek text: Ibidem, pp. 99-110. Latin text: A. Boon, Pachomiana latina. Rdgle et dpitres de s. Pachdme, dpttre de s. Thda- dore et 'Liber' de s. Orsiesiw. Texte latin de s. Jdrdme, Bibliothdque de la Reme d'histoire eccldsimtique 7. Louvain, 1932. Fragments: L.T. Lefort, Oeuvres. . . , pp. 26-30 and 80. WRITINGS OF THEORDORE Instructions: L.T. Lefort, Oeuvres, . . . , pp. 37-60. Letters: Latin: A. Boon, Pachomiana latina . . ., pp. 105-106. Coptic: H. Quecke, 'Ein Brief von einem Nach- folger Pachoms, (Chester Beatty Library Ms Ac 1486)' OTientalia 44 (1975), pp. 430-432. Fragments: L.T. Lefort, Oeuvres.. ., pp. 60-62 1 N THIS THIRD VOLUME of our Pachomiana in English we have collected all those writings of Pachomius, Theodore, and Hor- siesios that were not parts of the Life and did not belong to the cor- pus of the Rules. Most of these documents were unknown until very recently, and they bring important new light on pachomian spirituality. All of them-with the exception of one, translated in 1913-are here translated into English for the first time. wnmncjs OF pachomlus A. Instructiorn The catechesis, instruction on the Holy Scriptures, was a very important feature of pachomian cenohitism. The housemaster de. livered it to the monks of his house twice a week, on the fast days, and the superior of the local monastery three times a week, on Sat- urday evening and twice on Sunday. Pacomius and his successors at the head of the Koinonia gave also other instructions, either when they were visiting the brothers of the various monasteries or on special occasions like the celebration of the Passover at Phbow or the second general gathering of all the brothers at the end of the year. Some of these instructions have been used by the biographers and can be found in the Life. The manuscript tradition has also Introduction 3 2 Pachomian Koinonia 111 forgive the brother who has offended us, and it is directed to 'a preserved some of them as separate documents. It is these that we brother monk bearing a grudge against another'. translate here. Of Pachomius we have two, a long catechesis concerning a spiteful monk, and a shorter one about the six days of the Passover. We did not translate the several fragmentary instruc- INSTRUCTION ON THE SIX DAYS OF THE PASSOVER tions which we find in the fragments of the Thzid Sahidic Life. All the brothers of the pachomian Koinonia met every year at They are accretions, the authenticity of which is too doubtful. Phhow to celebrate the Passover together in the Word of God and by fasting. The meeting concluded with the celebration of the Re- INSTRUCTION CONCERNING A SPITEFUL MONK surrection during the Easter Vigil, when catechumen monks were baptized. The superiors of the Koinonia customarily gave instruc- The Coptic text of this instruction exists only in one manuscript, tions during these days. One of these instructions given by Pacho- Bntwh Oraental 7024, fol. 181-49v. It was first published by mius on the Passover has been preserved, although only fragmen- E.A.W. Budge in 1913, with an English translation.' L.T. Lefort tarily. The text of this fragment was published first by E. Am& published a new edition of the Coptic text, with a French transla- neau in 1895,8a nd again by L.T. Lefort in 1956.9 tion, in 1956.2 There is no positive reason to doubt the pachomian character of There is no doubt that the original language of this text was this document either, although the last pan of the text does not fit cop ti^;^ but we have at least two manuscripts of an Arabic transla- well in a pachomian context: 'Let the wealthy women lay down tion. One of them was used by L.T. Lefort in editing the Coptic their ornaments during these days of orr row."^ text, and the other has been identified more recently by K. Samir. A complete analysis of all the Arabic collections of manuscripts will probably reveal yet a few more witnesses.' B. Letters The instruction has integrated a large quotation from an homily by Athanasiu~A.~t the same time, from it comes an aphorism attri- The Pachomiana latina contain the text of eleven letters of Pa- buted to Evagrius Ponticu~T.~h e manuscript tradition attributes chomius, most of them extremely difficult to interpret." Till very this instruction to Pachomius. Budge did not question that attribu- recently these letters were known only in the Latin version; but in tion, and it has been defended by Crum and Lefort. In fact there is recent years the Greek and Coptic text of many of them has been no doubt that it comes from a pachomian milieu and that it is, discovered and published. therefore, pachomian in character. But the fact that it contains a In 1968 the Coptic text of letters 8, 10, and lla was published large quotation of Athanasius permits us to think that it could be a and translated in German by A. Hermann (letter 8) and A. Kropp literary composition by a pachomian monk rather than an instruc- (letters 10 and lla) among a series of Demotic and Coptic docu- tion actually given in that form by Pachomius himself. A few other ments from the Cologne c~llection.'T~h ese letters were found on elements of the instruction do not fit well into the context of pacho- two folios of parchment from the fifth-sixth century. Neither the mian cenobitism.' editors nor the reviewers were able at that time to identify these The instruction constitutes a good treatise on monastic ascesw, texts as pachomian letters. The identification was made by Hans stressing the importance of all the monastic values: humility, de- Quecke in a communication to the eighteenth Deutscher 07iental- tachment, simplicity, chastity. It insists especially on the need to 4 Pachomian Koinonia 111 Introductzon 5 wtentag in Liibeck in October 1972, where he also announced the sonally we consider that one is left here with the same uncertainty discovery in the Chester Beatty Library of a Greek parchment of as prevails regarding the Pachomiana latzna in general. the fourth century containing the Greek translation of letters 1, 2, A difficnlt aspect of these letten is the use that many of them 3, 7, and 10.lST hat communication was published only in 1974, make of a mysterious language, or rather, their mysterious use of the but a new translation of letters 8 and 10 from the Coptic text of alphabet. All efforts made to decipher them remain unconvincing. l7 Cologne was published by Hans Quecke in 1973.14 In 1974 he Hans Quecke has made a very thorough study of all the aspects of published a new discovery: fragments of letters 9a, 9b, 10, and llb this problem, but has been unable to find any clear answer. as well as a cryptogram, all from Coptic fragments from the same The nature of these letters still escapes us, but it is perhapsmuch Chester Beatty Library.15 less complicated than we think it is. It probably has something to In 1975 Hans Quecke published the Greek text from the Chester do with the traditional love of the Egyptians for cryptograms, to Beatty Library (Ms W. 145) with a long and very careful analysis of which old Egyptian hieroglyphs lent themselves so well. The use of all the related problems. An appendix gives all the known Coptic series of vowels and nonsense syllables is not rare either in the gnos- fragments.'@T his book, therefore, gathers in a practical format all tic documents discovered in 1946 at Nag Hammadi, near the great the documents discovered during the preceding years. basilica of St Pachomius at Phbow, and there could be some simi- Lately a new Coptic fragment has been discovered among the larity or affinity between the two.LB Bodmer Papyri (n. XXXIX), giving the full text of letter llb. In our translation of the letters, we have followed the Coptic text That text is still unpublished, but Hans Quecke had the kindness to when it existed. When it did not, we have translated from the provide us with a photocopy of themanuscript, along with his tran- Greek for the letters existing in Greek. Otherwise we have followed scription of the Coptic text and a German translation. the Latin version of Jerome. In our translation we have kept the numbering assigned these letters by Jerome; but the Coptic manuscript tradition knows thir- teen letters instead of eleven, both Jerome's ninth and eleventh let- C. Fragments ters being divided in two distinct documents. Hans Quecke has dedicated a full chapter of his Die Briefe Pa- Two Coptic folios identified by Zoega (CLXXIV) were first pub- choms. Gnechzscher Text. . to the questionof the authenticity of lished by E. Amelinea~.L'~. T Lefort has made a newer edition.Po these letters. They certainly existed in Coptic at a very early stage, These folios belong to a series of miscellanea from an eleventh cen- for we have a Greek translation preserved on a parchment of the tury manuscript. The third of the three fragments they contain is fourth century. From a comparison between Jerome's version and also found in the collection of Apophthegmata in Coptic, Greek, the Coptic and Greek texts, we can deduce that Jerome had before and Latin.2' his eyes a Greek text very similar to the one preserved in the Chester To these three fragments we have added a fourth which has been Beatty Library, although he paraphrased it at times, as he often attributed by L.T. Lefort to Horsiesios, but which must be did in his other translations. Jerome attributed these letters explic- restored to Pachomius.PP It is found on the recto of a folio on the itly to Pachomius, and Hans Quecke does not find any positive rea- verso of which we read the Prologue to the P~aeceptae t Institutu son to doubt that affirmation although none of the letters, either in that L.T. Lefort had also attributed to Horsiesios and that was Greek or Coptic, bears a title attributing it to Pachomius. Per- identified by Heinrich Bacht as part of the pachomian Rule.P1 6 Pachomian Koinonia III Introduction 7 WRltlnCjS OF th€060~€ er together at Phbow for the Passover and exhorting the superiors as well as the brothers.Zg A. Instructions The second letter comes certainly from a successor of Pacho- mius. H. Quecke found several good reasons to attribute it to Hor- As is the case with Pachomius, several instructions given by siesios, although he did so with some hesitation. But a second Theodore were preserved in the Life. Three instructions however manuscript of the same text was later discovered by Krause and it were transmitted as separate documents in the Coptic manuscript bears a title attributing the letter to Theodore: 'This is the letter tradition. The first two are extremely fragmentary, but we have a from our father Theodore for the Remission'. This title expresses fairly large section of the third one. They were published by Lefort also the occasion of the letter. It is a letter of convocation to the sec- in 1956.24A part from one of the nineteen folios that still exist of ond annual meeting of the pachomian monks, at the end of the the third instruction, nothing of this had been published before.PL year according to the egyptian calendar. It begins exactly like the Although very short, the fragment of the second instruction is seventh letter of Pachomius, which was also a letter of convocation important because it is one of the texts in which the life of the Koi- to the general assembly of the end of the year. nonia is explicitly called 'the life of the apostles', and Pachomius is proclaimed the father of the Koinonia after God and the apostles. The third instruction deals mostly with the theme of the Koi- C. Fragments nonia itself and, along with the Testament of Horsiesios (LibeO~r - siesiz), is one of the two most articulate and most beautiful expres- The manuscript containing the three first fragments from Pa- sions of pachomian spirituality. chomius mentioned above gives also a very short fragment from Theodore. It was published first by E. Amelinean in 1895" and again by L.T. Lefort in 1956.3L B. Letters Of Theodore we have two letters, one preserved in Latin and the other in Coptic. The latter belongs to the handful of pachomian documents found in the Chester Beatty Library in D~blin.~It' was A. Instructions published and analysed by Hans Quecke in 1975.27A . de Vogii6 published a French translation accompanied by long and very From three manuscripts, the folios of which have been spread in useful annotations.P8T here is another manuscript of the same let- various libraries from Paris, London, Vienna, and Leyde to Cairo, ter soon to be published by M. Krause. L.T. Lefort has published a certain number of fragments which The archbishops of Alexandria used to publish every year a pas- have some chance of being parts of instructions by EIorsie~ios.~WP e toral letter indicating the dates of the fast of forty days and the fast have translated here all of them except the last one, which Lefort at- of the Passover, and convoking believers to the Easter celebration. tributed to Horsiesios hut which must be restored to Pachomius. The The superiors of the pachomian Koznonia adopted the same prac- first of these texts is an almost complete instruction and is quite in tice. The first letter of Theodore- the one translated into Latin by Horsiesios' style. The others are more fragmentary. The seventh, Jerome-is one of these Easter letters inviting the brothers to gath- which is a strange diatribe against friendship, does not correspond 8 Pachomian Koinonia 111 Introduction 9 much to Horsiesios' usual line of thought. Its authenticity remains Although we know this text only through Jerome's translati~n,~~ somewhat doubtful. its authenticity was never put in doubt. A very good annotated German translation was published by H. Bacht," who had written B. Letters another good study of the document several years ear lie^.'^ There Two letters from Horsiesios are found in a manuscript published is also a French and a Spanish translation available." A few first by Amelinea~a~nd~ a gain by Lefo~t.~T'w o more were dis- chapters (7-18 and 39-40) have also been translated into German covered among the Coptic codices of the Chester Beatty Library. by 0. Schule~A.s~ a~ b asis for our own translation, we have used an The last of these letters- all very rich in biblical quotations- is ad- English version made by Philip Timko, with his kind permission. dressed to Theodore. Several of the quotations are found in more than one letter and again in the Testament of Horsiesios. The two letters from the Dublin collection are still unpublished, but they At the end of his Oeuvres de s. Pachdme . . . L.T. Lefort has have been translated into French by A. de V~giieF.o~r ~ou r trans- published a kind of apocalyptic text from another disciple of Pa- lation of these two letters, we have used a transcription of the chomius called Caro~r.'W~ e did not translate tbat text, first be- manuscript made by Tito Orlandi, with his kind permission. We cause it is not representative of the pachomian spirit, and then be- were also able to check the text of the manuscript itself at the cause its language is so colloquial that both Lefort and Cmm (con- Chester Beatty Library in Dublin. sulted by Lefort) were unable to find the meaning of a great C. Fragments number of passages. From Horsiesios, as in the case of Pachomius and Theodore, Le- fort has published some texts from an unclassified folio, under the title 'excerpta'. We have translated them under the title Neither did we translate the Monita Sancti Pachomiipublished t fragment^'.^' by A. Boon in his Pachomiana latina, because although Holstenius' published them with the Rules, they are not from Jerome, and still D. Testament of Homesios less from Pachomius.*' The 'Book of our father Horsiesios' (Lzber Orszeszz], also called the 'Testament of Horsiesios', is certainly his most important writing. It is also one of the most beautiful pieces of pachomian literature, and a faithful and complete expression of pachomian spirituality. It presupposes a situation of crisis similar to the one This volume ends with a series of Indices that cover the three caused by Apollonios that obliged Horsiesios to resign as superior volumes. of the Koznonia But the end of the text leads us to think that it was The Biblical Index, by far the most important, is arranged in written towards the end of Horsiesios' life, and is really his spiritual such a way tbat by looking at it the reader can know immediately testament." It is a long call to conversion, to a total renunciation not only the volume and the page where a biblical quotation or of any form of personal property, in order to arrive at a perfect allusion is to be found, but also the document. This system did not communion with the brothers. seem required for the other indices