P-40 WA RH AW K Bf 109 MTO 1942–44 CARL MOLESWORTH © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com P-40 WARHAWK Bf 109 – MTO 1942 44 CARL MOLESWORTH © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CONTENTS Introduction 4 Chronology 8 Design and Development 10 Technical Specifications 23 The Strategic Situation 32 The Combatants 40 Combat 52 Statistics and Analysis 68 Aftermath 72 Further Reading 78 Index 80 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com INTRODUCTION When I was a boy growing up in the 1950s, someone told me a tale – perhaps even true – that I have come to see as a fitting metaphor to explain the story of the travails of the pilots who flew the Curtiss P-40 Warhawk against the Messerschmitt Bf 109 during World War II. It seems that an American metallurgist developed a drill bit roughly the diameter of a human hair that he believed was the smallest in the world. Proud of his accomplishment, the American sent his drill bit to a colleague in Germany to show it off. A few weeks later, the American metallurgist received a package in the mail from his German friend. When he opened it, he found only his drill bit. Curious, the metallurgist examined his drill bit under a microscope and found a hole drilled through it. Such was the plight of Allied pilots who introduced the P-40 in combat against the Luftwaffe’s best in North Africa during 1941–42. Although flying the frontline American fighter of the day, they were thoroughly outclassed in air-to-air combat by the Bf 109s they opposed. The Messerschmitt fighters were faster, had a better rate-of-climb and could fly higher than their Curtiss opponents. Further, the tactics employed by the Luftwaffe pilots took full advantage of the Bf 109’s capabilities. The story does not end there, however. Fortunately for the Allies, the P-40 possessed capabilities of its own that were to prove exceedingly valuable in their effort to drive the Axis powers out of North Africa. The Curtiss fighter was a rugged beast, with heavier armament, longer range and a better turning radius than the Bf 109. Perhaps more importantly, the P-40 could carry a substantial bomb load, which made it a deadly weapon against enemy ground targets when it took on the fighter-bomber role. This book will focus on the epic duel pitting German-flown Bf 109F/Gs against 4 P-40F/Ls of the US Ninth and Twelfth Air Forces in the Mediterranean Theater from © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com A P-40F of the 324th FG takes off from a landing ground in Egypt in early 1943. Note how the main landing gear wheels are rotating to tuck into the wings. The markings on this Warhawk are unusual in that it lacks a roundel on the underside of its port wing, and only the nose cone of its propeller spinner has been painted red. the summer of 1942 through to the spring of 1944, peaking during Operation Husky (the invasion of Sicily) in July 1943. It is important for the reader to understand that this is not the full story of combat involving Messerschmitt and Curtiss fighters. In fact, that story goes back to the opening days of the war in September 1939, when earlier versions of the two fighters clashed over France, and ends in May 1945 with Future ace Sgt Maurice Hards of No. 250 Sqn was an early the ceasefire on the Eastern Front. victim of the Bf 109E-7 In 1937, as the prospects for war with Germany were growing increasingly likely, when he was shot down in leaders of the Armée de l’Air in France realized that their domestic aircraft industry Tomahawk IIB AK374/LD-H would not be able to provide them with sufficient combat-worthy aircraft to effectively north of Sidi Barrani by oppose their belligerent neighbor. France turned to the American aircraft industry for experteFeldwebel Günther Steinhausen of 1./JG 27. help and arranged to purchase several hundred export versions of the Curtiss Hawk Hards had, however, downed 75A fighter – the radial-engined predecessor to the P-40. Several units were equipped another Messerschmitt with these fighters when the war started. fighter just minutes earlier. 5 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Two Bf 109F-4/trops of Soon after dawn on September 8, 1939, six Curtiss Hawks of Groupe de Chasse III./JG 53 fly a freie jagdover II/4 were escorting an observation aircraft near Landau-Saargemund when four the frontlines near El Alamein, Bf 109Es from I./JG 53 intercepted the formation. A sharp encounter ensued, and the Egypt, during the autumn of French pilots claimed two German machines shot down for the first aerial victories of 1942. “White 1” may well be the mount of Hptm Wilfried the war by the Armée de l’Air. Curtiss Hawks would subsequently prove to be France’s Pufahl of 7./JG 53, who shot most effective fighter during its losing effort in opposition to the German invasion the down a Kittyhawk for his first following spring (see Osprey Aircraft of the Aces 86 – Curtiss P-36 Hawk Aces of World victory over North Africa War 2for further details). (ninth overall) on May 31, Likewise, when Great Britain saw the need to bolster its fighter forces in 1940, the 1942. Royal Air Force (RAF) ordered Curtiss Tomahawk IIBs, which were export versions of the new P-40B/C then beginning to equip many US Army Air Corps squadrons. Although RAF Tomahawks initially saw action in the tactical reconnaissance role over France, most of the Curtiss fighters acquired by the British were sent to Egypt for service with Desert Air Force (DAF) squadrons. Tomahawks and Bf 109Es met in combat for the first time on June 16, 1941, when eight aircraft from No. 250 Sqn encountered five fighters from I./JG 27 at 22,000ft over Bardia. The RAF pilots claimed to have damaged two Bf 109Es (see Osprey Aircraft of the Aces 38 – Tomahawk and Kittyhawk Aces of the RAF and Commonwealth for further details). The first victory by a Bf 109 over a Tomahawk was claimed by Oberleutnant Ludwig Franzisket of 3./JG 27 over Gazala on June 26, 1941. Luftwaffe fighter pilots would continue to battle the ubiquitous Curtiss fighters, in both USAAF and RAF markings, over the Mediterranean for the next three years. The Soviet Union also employed large numbers of Tomahawks and Kittyhawks – nearly 2,500 in all – in its war against Germany (see Osprey Aircraft of the Aces 74 – Soviet Lend Lease Fighter Aces of World War 2for further details). Apparently, the first combats involving Russian-flown Tomahawks took place in February 1942 against I./JG 54, which was then flying Bf 109Fs from Heiligenbeil, in East Prussia. On March 5, 1942, Feldwebel Gerhard Lautenschläger of 3./JG 54 claimed his fifth 6 Tomahawk shot down, making him the first Luftwaffe pilot of many to reach that total © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com against the P-40 on the Eastern Front. In May 1945 there was still one regiment of Replacement P-40F-5 24 Kittyhawks flying on the Soviet-German front. 41-14502, bound for the hard-pressed 33rd FG, takes Although this book will not cover the foregoing aspects of the P-40 vs Bf 109 duel off from HMS Archeron in detail, they are no less important than the story that I am about to tell. I find November 14, 1942, just two inspiration in the courage and perseverance of all those who flew these remarkable weeks after the Operation aircraft in combat, and the groundcrews who kept them in the air. I hope this book Torchlandings had opened will do justice to them and the sacrifices they made while serving their countries. a second front in North Africa. Snug in its dispersal pen at Comiso, Sicily, 6./JG 53’s Bf 109F-4 “Yellow 12” casts a strong noonday shadow during the summer of 1942. 7 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com CHRONOLOGY 1934 March Design of the Bf 109 commences in response to the issuing of Tactical Requirements for Fighter Aircraft (Land) by Germany’s Reichsluftfahrtministerium. 1935 May 28 Maiden flight of Bf 109 V1 is successful. 1936 Autumn Bf 109 chosen for production over Pilots from 1./JG 27 are distracted during a preflight briefing rival Heinkel He 112, having at a Sicilian airfield in mid-April 1941. The Staffelwas about to proven superior in speed and commence the final leg of its flight from Munich to Libya. The maneuverability. pristine Bf 109E-7/trop behind the men wears a freshly applied I. Gruppebadge on its nose. 1937 1940 February Bf 109Bs (first production model May P-40D/Kittyhawk I introduced of the fighter) issued to II. Gruppe with more powerful Allison of JG 132 “Richthofen”. “F-series” V-1710 engine, June 6 US Army Air Corps (USAAC) redesigned fuselage and improved issues a contract for production armament. of the Curtiss P-36 monoplane fighter. 1941 1938 March Bf 109F-1, with uprated DB 601E engine and other improvements, Spring Bf 109C and Bf 109D, both fitted enters service. with Junkers Jumo 210 engines, April 14 I./JG 27, equipped with Bf 109Es, enter production. arrives at Gazala to bolster German October 14 First flight of the Curtiss XP-40, a and Italian air power in North modified P-36 airframe fitted with Africa. The Bf 109s go into action an Allison V-1710 inline engine. five days later. December Bf 109E-1, fitted with fuel-injected June 16 Bf 109Es and Tomahawks Daimler-Benz DB 601 engine encounter each other for the first producing markedly improved time, Sqn Ldr J. E. Scoular and performance over earlier models, Flt Lt R. F. Martin of No. 250 Sqn enters service with the Luftwaffe. each claiming a Bf 109E damaged 1939 over Bardia. April 26 USAAC orders P-40 into June 18 First claims for Tomahawks 8 production. destroyed by Bf 109E pilots © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com Oberleutnant Karl Redlich, November 8 Allies commence Operation Torch, Leutnant Hans Remmer and the invasion of Morocco and Unteroffizier Günther Steinhausen Algeria in Northwest Africa. of I./JG 27. P-40F-equipped 33rd FG flies June 26 First claims for Bf 109s destroyed ashore from the aircraft carrier USS by Tomahawk pilots Plt Off C. R. Chenango(ACV-28) two days after Caldwell and Sgt S. L. Coward of the invasion. No 250 Sqn. November 9 Pilots of the 79th FG (second P-40 November 25 First flight of the XP-40F, a P-40D group to reach North Africa) fly airframe fitted with a license-built their first combat mission while Packard Merlin V-1650-1 engine. attached to the 57th FG. October 3 II./JG 27, newly arrived with December 6 58th FS/33rd FG goes into action Bf 109Fs, flies its first missions in at Thelepte, becoming the first North Africa. I./JG 27 re-equipped USAAF squadron to operate from with Bf 109Fs by year-end. an airfield in Tunisia. December 7 Japan attacks American military 1943 targets at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, causing the United States to declare January 19 P-40F-equipped 325th FG arrives war against the Axis powers. in Casablanca. January 23 The Allies capture Tripoli, Libya. 1942 April 18 P-40 pilots of the 57th and 324th May III. Gruppefirst unit of JG 53 FGs claim no fewer than 76 to arrive in North Africa. German aircraft destroyed off June First Bf 109Gs go into action Cap Bon in the “Palm Sunday on the Eastern Front. Massacre” – the most successful July I. Gruppefirst unit of JG 77 single USAAF fighter mission of to arrive in North Africa. World War II. July 19 USAAF 57th FG launches 72 May 12 Axis forces surrender in Tunisia. P-40Fs from aircraft carrier USS July 9–10 Allied forces invade Sicily. The Ranger(CV-4) to North Africa. island is secured 38 days later. August 14 Bf 109s encounter USAAF P-40Fs September 3 Allied forces invade southern Italy. for the first time and shoot down December P-47 Thunderbolts begin replacing Lt William O’Neill of the 65th FS/ P-40s in the Twelfth Air Force. 57th FG. 1944 September 4 Lt Thomas T. Williams of the 66th FS/57th FG credited with one May 13 P-40s and Bf 109s meet in combat Bf 109 probably destroyed – the in the Mediterranean Theater of first accepted combat claim by a Operations (MTO) for the last USAAF P-40 pilot in North Africa. time. October 23 British Army opens massive ground July Bf 109-equipped JGs 4 and 77 offensive against the Afrika Korps depart MTO for the last time. at El Alamein, in Egypt. July 324th FG, last USAAF P-40 unit November Last units of JG 27 depart North in MTO, converts to P-47s. Africa, being replaced by II./JG 51. July 17 Last P-40 lost on combat November 1 P-40F-equipped 324th FG departs operations in MTO, the aircraft US by ship, bound for Egypt. crashing following an engine fire. 9 © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com DESIGN AND DE VELOPMENT P-40 WARHAWK Built by the company bearing two of the most famous surnames in the early history of powered flight, the P-40 traced its roots to the Curtiss Hawk biplane fighters of the 1920s, starting with the XPW-8 of 1923. Those taper-winged beauties, whether powered by inline or radial engines, were excellent performers that served admirably in US Army and Navy squadrons and were built for export as well. Later versions even featured retractable landing gear. By the early 1930s the Hawk fighters, and a handful of other successful bomber, observation and attack types, had helped to establish the Curtiss Airplane Division of the Curtiss-Wright Corporation as one of the leading manufacturers of military aircraft in the United States, if not the world. In 1934 –the same year Messerschmitt began working on what would become the Bf 109 –Curtiss initiated the creation of a new monoplane fighter, the Hawk 75. The design team, led by former Northrop engineer Donovan H. Berlin, was instructed to come up with a fighter that could win a USAAC contract competition the following year. Berlin’s team created a low-wing monoplane with an enclosed cockpit, retractable landing gear and a 900hp Wright XR-1670 twin-row radial engine. The Hawk 75 first flew in April 1935 but failed to win the USAAC contract, which went to the Seversky P-35. Three Curtiss service test aircraft were ordered, however, 10 these machines being designated Y1P-36s. Improvements made by the company to the © Osprey Publishing • www.ospreypublishing.com