OXFORD STUDIES IN ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY This page intentionally left blank OXFORD STUDIES IN ANCIENT PHILOSOPHY EDITOR: BRAD INWOOD VOLUME XXXV winter 2008 (cid:2) (cid:2) GreatClarendonStreet,Oxfordox26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland CapeTown DaresSalaam HongKong Karachi KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Nairobi NewDelhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto Witho¶cesin Argentina Austria Brazil Chile CzechRepublic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore SouthKorea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork ãExceptwhereotherwisestated,OxfordUniversityPress,2008 Themoralrightsoftheauthorshavebeenasserted DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2008 Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization.Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethesameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Oxfordstudiesinancientphilosophy.— Vol.xxxv(2008).—Oxford:ClarendonPress; NewYork:OxfordUniversityPress,1983– v.;22cm.Annual. 1.Philosophy,Ancient—Periodicals. B1.O9 180.{5—dc.19 84–645022 AACR2 MARC-S TypesetbyJohnWas‹,Oxford PrintedinGreatBritain onacid-freepaperby BiddlesLtd,King’sLynn,Norfolk ISBN978–0–19–955779–0 ISBN978–0–19–955780–6(Pbk.) 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 ADVISORY BOARD ProfessorJuliaAnnas,UniversityofArizona ProfessorJonathanBarnes ProfessorA.A.Long,UniversityofCalifornia,Berkeley ProfessorMarthaNussbaum,UniversityofChicago ProfessorDavidSedley,UniversityofCambridge Professor Richard Sorabji, King’s College, University of London, andWolfsonCollege,Oxford ProfessorGiselaStriker,HarvardUniversity ProfessorChristopherTaylor,CorpusChristiCollege,Oxford Contributions and books for review should be sent to the Edi- tor, Professor Brad Inwood, Department of Classics, University of Toronto, 125 Queen’s Park, Toronto m5s 2c7, Canada (e-mail brad.inwoodÄutoronto.ca). Contributors are asked to observe the ‘Notes for Contributors to Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy’,printed at the end ofthis volume. Up-to-date contact details, the latest version of Notes to Con- tributors,andpublicationschedulescanbecheckedontheOxford StudiesinAncientPhilosophywebsite: www.oup.co.uk/philosophy/series/osap EDITORIAL ThisvolumeofOxfordStudiesinAncientPhilosophymarksatran- sition to new editorship. It is a distinct honour, though an inti- midatingone,tosucceedDavidSedleyinthiscapacity.Underhis leadership(from1999to2008)theserieshasaddedasecondvolume peryear andcarried onthe traditions ofhigh qualityand innova- tive philosophical scholarship established by its founding editor, JuliaAnnas,andhersuccessor,ChristopherTaylor.Myaimwillbe to continuethose traditions,to encouragethe publicationof chal- lenging new workacross the full range of ancient Graeco-Roman philosophy,andtomaintainthehighstandinganddistinctivechar- acterwhichtheserieshasestablishedunderitsfirstthreeeditors. I want to thank DavidSedley, not onlyforhis supportand en- couragementoverdecadesoffriendship,but alsoforhisgenerous assistanceintheprocessofeditorialtransition.Roughlyhalfofthe materialinthisvolumeistheoutcomeofhiseditoriallabours,not my own. The articles in Volume XXXV range in time from He- siod to Plotinusand coverthemes in ethics, physics, metaphysics, and logic broadly construed. There is a pleasing but unintended balanceinthephilosophersandperiodscovered.Ihopethatthere willbesomethingforeveryonetoenjoy,tolearnfrom,andtodis- agree with. I want to close by expressing my gratitude to John Was‹forhisexceptionalhelpfulnessandcontinuedexcellenceinthe processesof copy-editingand production and to the departments of Classics and Philosophyat the University of Toronto fortheir practicalassistance. CONTENTS Hesiod,Prodicus,andtheSocratics onWorkandPleasure 1 DAVID WOLFSDORF Heraclitus’Critique ofPythagoras’Enquiryin Fragment129 19 CARLA.HUFFMAN DoesSocratesClaim toKnowthat He KnowsNothing? 49 GAIL FINE Plato onthePossibility ofHedonicMistakes 89 MATTHEW EVANS TheSelf, theSoul, andtheIndividualinthe City of the Laws 125 MARIAMICHELA SASSI ‘As if we were investigating snubness’:Aristotle on the ProspectsforaSingle Science ofNature 149 JAMESG. LENNOX Aristotle’s NotionofPriorityin NatureandSubstance 187 MICHAILM. PERAMATZIS ExcavatingDissoi Logoi 4 249 D.T. J. BAILEY PlotinusonAstrology 265 PETER ADAMSON Power, Activity, and Being: A Discussion of Aristotle: MetaphysicsΘ,trans. andcomm.Stephen Makin 293 CHARLOTTEWITT IndexLocorum 301 This page intentionally left blank HESIOD, PRODICUS, AND THE SOCRATICS ON WORK AND PLEASURE DAVID WOLFSDORF 1.SocratesandHesiod’sWorksandDays287–319 since poetry,especiallytheepicpoetryofHomerandHesiod,was central to Greek culture in the late archaic and classical periods, thoseindividualsengagedintheformationandearlydevelopment of philosophy,in manyways a reactionandalternative to conven- tional culture and forms of expression, inevitably engaged with theirillustriouspredecessors.Plato’scriticismofpoetryintheRe- public is the most obviousexample. But in general, philosophers’ engagements range from criticism of the poets as established au- thorities to employmentof them, in variousways, as constructive modelsorascorroboratorsoftheirideas.Inallcases,interpretation ofthepoetryitselfwasrequired,andthistoorangedfromthecon- ventionaltotheidiosyncratic.Theaimofthispaperistoshedlight onthewaysthatonepassageinHesiod’sWorksandDaysparticu- larly servedProdicusand inturnthe Socratics inthe formulation oftheirethicalthought. TheencomiumonworkinHesiod’sWorksandDays287–319was muchdiscussedinSocraticcircles.Socrateshimselfseemstohave been one important impetus to this discussion. Evidence comes fromXenophon’sresponsetoaccusationsmadeagainstSocrates: hisaccuser said thathe selectedfrom themost renowned poetsthe most base verses and used them as evidence in teaching his associates to be malefactorsandtyrants.Forexample,Hesiod’sline‘Noworkisadisgrace, ãDavidWolfsdorf2008 IamgratefultoGraceLedbetter,ThomasBlackson,DavidSansone,andananony- mousrefereefortheircommentsonearlierdrafts.ThanksalsotoDavidSedleyfor arangeofhelpfulphilological,philosophical,andexpositorysuggestions.