OXFORD ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA • /. ^.- L^X^^f* JOHN JULIUS NORWICH An entirely new publication, the Oxford IllustratedEncyclopediaoftheArtsisthe mostcomprehensive single-volume M INGARTS LITERATURE MUSIC encyclopediaofthe arts available. It isthe ideal reference bookforanyonewanting ready answersto questions aboutthe arts from earliesttimestothe present. pluckedand reed Thevolumeispackedwithclearandconcise instruments, Egypt entrieson music, dance, theatre, literature, cinema, photography, art, architecture, and ldalrditaunalc,esEgaynpdt the applied arts. Itcoversartistic achievements all overtheworld, and traces e, Crete thedevelopmentoftheartsfromtheearliest asbuiltat Gilgamesh, Babylonian windinstruments, northern civilizationstothe present. Keyconcepts, Crete epicpoem Europe individuals, styles, techniques, and artistic movements are described in a readable, jargon-free language. Upanishads, India Morethan 350 photographs and graphic illustrations, manyofthem in colour, have been chosen orspeciallydrawn to supplementand enhancethetext, with captionsthat arefull ofadditional information. An extensive system ofcross- Atonhymn, Egypt references helpsthe readerto placethe information sought in awidercontext. Rigvedahymns, Indii This is a book in whichto browse aswell as tofind—facts quickly. In the home orat school orwhereveranyofthe—topics it HebrewSongofDeborah professionalmusicians, covers are discussed orstudied itwill Israel prove an indispensablecompanion. Jacketillustrations ama developed, Homer, Iliad, Odyssey Front: TheLutePlayer, c.1610,byOrazioGentileschi. NationalGalleryofArt,Washington.AilsaMellonBruce Greekelegies, love, and Arion, Greekcomposer Fund. warsongs andpoet, flourished GSepisnceh:icIhntdei,anBeBrulidnd.ha. 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Shijmganthology, China Ramayana, Sanskritepic ama ofAeschylus, Bhagavadglta, Sanskrit Pythagoras reputedto s, Euripides, and poem have definedoctave anes Greekchoralmusic funeral dances flourishes ice, Greece Etruscanshawm 3das a dramatic Greece )micdramasof Mahabharata, Sanskritepic Aristoxenus, Greek ;r OuYuan, Chinesepoet music-theorist ;' theatre, Athens tfgladiatorial IndianVedastranscribed organdevelopedin ome Alexandria, Egypt Buddhist ceremonialmusic and instruments, India .,|, lediesofPlautus ince schoolsinRome tobeclosed nusactorsperform Virgil, Aeneid ChineseBureauofMusic me inRome Horace, Odes founded DfPompey, Rome Cicero, Caesar, Livy, mas ofSeneca Sallust: GoldenAge of Latinprose From AD 1 to 1399 VISUALARTS PERFORMING ARTS LITERATURE MUSIC DATEAD SunPyramid, Teotihuacan, LatindramasofSeneca Ovid, Metamorphoses 1-99 Mexico recited Column ofMarcus Romantheatrebuiltat Juvenal, Romanpoet earlylute inChina 100-199 Aurelius, Rome Verulanium(St. Albans) Apuleius, Romannovelist Chinese octavedivided Amaravatlstupa,Madras into60notes Coptic art, Egypt, Natyasastra Indiantreatise Natyasastra Indiantreatise 200-299 flourishes ontheatre onmusic burlesqueandmime,Rome hymn-singingevolves 300-399 Basilica, StaMaria Kalidasa'scourtlydrama, Tao Oian, Chinesepoet drumsandwind 400-499 Maggiore, Rome ^akuntala, India instruments, Peru ChurchofHagiaSophia, itinerantdancers inEurope Imrual-Qays, Arabpoet Gregorianchurchmusic 500-599 Constantinople graduallyappears porcelaininvented m recitative andarias greatlyricpoetryofTang Celticplucked instruments 600-699 China developedmChinese dynasty, China develop drama buildingofMahabalipuram Caedmon, Song of Indonesiangamelan temples, India Creation, England Umayyadpalace, Khirbat Bhavabuti, Indiandramatist Chineselyricpoetry Japaneselute 700-799 al-Mafjar Beowulfepic, England windorgansinEurope Book ofKells, Ireland choraldrama develops in Hildebrandslied, OldHigh developmentofragas in 800-899 The GreatMosque of the West Germanpoem Indianclassicalmusic Cordoba, Spam firstArabicversion ofA earhestsurviving Mississippivalleyculture. ThousandandOneNights (neumatic)notation NorthAmerica NayinMosque, Iran Easterplay, dialogue of TheExeterBook, English courtmusic flourishedin 900-999 Fatimidstyle mIslamic the ThreeMaries, poems Japan architecture performedinchurch Firdausi, Persianpoet beginningsoforganum, Gero Crucifix, Cologne lmittuhregiWcaelsdtrama flourishes peaorlhyepshtofnoyrmofWestern MonasteryChurch, Cluny GoldenAge ofBuddhist dengakudance,Japan Hindiverse romances organwithmultiplepipes, 1000-1099 art. Pagan, Burma tournaments and celebrateRajputchivalry Winchester StSophia Cathedral, pageantrydevelop in Murasaki, The Tale of Bardicmusic inIreland Novgorod, Russia Europe Genji,Japan andWales Santiago de Compostela skomorokhimummursand SuDongpo, Chinesepoet sight-readingpractised Cathedral, Spain puppeteers, Russia andpainter atPomposaMonastery, Palace city ofGreat IbnGabirol'spoemsm Ravenna Zimbabwe HebrewandArabic solmizationinmusic, Durham Cathedralbegun YehudaHalevi, Hebrew introducedbyd'Arezzo poet inSpam seconderaofMaya earliestrecordedEnglish SongofMy CidinSpain troubadourand trouvere 1100-1199 civilization miracleplays firstrenga poetryinJapan music, France Yorubabrassandterra- ]eu deStNicholasplay by Le Chanson deRoland, earliestMinnelieder, cottasculpture, Nigeria JehanBodel, atArras, France Germany AngkorWat, Cambodia France IbnalFarid, Arabpoet ArsAnfiqua: NotreDame ChurchofStDenis, Paris: polyphony beginningsofGothicstyle MasterofNaumburg jongleursinFrance Eschenbach, Parzival 'CarminaBurana' Latin 1200-1299 sculptures, Germany mysteryplaysinEurope Kokmshu, anthologyof monasticsongs, Germany Palace oftheAlhambra, varietytheatre flourishes Japanese poetry beginnings ofthemotet Spam inChina Roman delaRose TheSummer Canon Rheims Cathedral, France Adamde laHalle, ']eude celebratescourtlylove ('Sumerisicumenin') ZhaoMengfu, Chinese RobinetMarion' IcelandicProse Edda earliestmulti-partPassion painter Sa'di, Persian poet, 'The (the GrosLivreofthe Dominicans) FruitGarden' NiZan, Chinesepainter TheHarrowingofHell, Dante, Divine Comedy beginningsofArsNova 1300-1399 Giotto, frescoes, Padua Englishmiracleplay Boccaccio, Decameron music Doge'sPalace, Venice LGuatoe,MCmhgi,naTheStoryofthe Petrarch, firstsonnets MDaacmheaut, Messe deNotre Charterhouse, London Chaucer, The Canterbury No drama, Japan Keyboard tablature, GoldenPavilion, Kyoto Tales Europe OXFORD ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA THE ARTS OXFORD ILLUSTRATED ENCYCLOPEDIA of THE ARTS Volume Editor John Julius Norwich OXFORD OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS NEW YORK MELBOURNE 1990 tRlGHTON OxfordUniversityPress, WaltonStreet, Oxford0x26dp Oxford New York Toronto Delhi Bombay Calcutta Madras Karachi PetalingJaya Singapore Hong Kong Tokyo Nairobi DaresSalaam Cape Town Melbourne Auckland andassociatedcompaniesin Berlin Ibadan Oxfordisa trademarkofOxford UniversityPress Publishedin the UnitedStates by OxfordUniversityPress, New York © Oxford UniversityPress iggo Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem, ortransmitted, inanyformorbyanymeans, electronic, mechanical,photocopying, recording, orotherwise, without thepriorpermission ofOxford UniversityPress BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Oxfordillustratedencyclopedia. Vol.5, Thearts. I. Encyclopedia inEnglish I.Judge, Harry, igsS- //. Norwich,JohnJulius, igsg- 032 ISBNo ig^86gi37-8 LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Oxfordillustratedencyclopedia oftheartsj volumeeditor,John JuliusNorwich. — I.Arts Dictionaries. L Norwich,JohnJulius, ig2g- //. Title: Illustratedencyclo—pediaofthearts. NXyo.og^. iggo 700' dc20 8g-jii2§ .3 ISBNo-ig^86gi37-8 Textprocessedby the Oxford TextSystem Printedin Hong Kong