Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Volume 13 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography IN ASSOCIATION WITH The British Academy From the earliest times to the year 2000 Edited by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison Volume 13 Constable-Crane OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXPORD UNIVERSITY PRESS GreatClarendonStreet,Oxford0x26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. ItfurtherstheUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellenceinresearch, scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland Bangkok BuenosAires CapeTown Chennai DaresSalaam Delhi HongKong Istanbul Karachi Kollcata KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Mumbai Nairobi SaoPaulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc.,NewYork ©OxfordUniversityPress2004 Illustrations©individualcopyrightholdersas listedin ‘Picturecredits’,andreproducedwithpermission DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2004 All rights reserved. Nopartofthismaterialmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw,orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization. Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttothe Rights Department, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumust imposethissameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraryofCongress Catalogingin Publication Data Dataavailable: fordetailsseevolume1, p.iv ISBN 0-19-861363-6 (thisvolume) ISBN0-19-861411-X (setofsixtyvolumes) TextcapturedbyAlliance Phototypesetters, Pondicherry Illustrationsreproducedandarchivedby AllianceGraphicsLtd,UK TypesetinOUPSwiftbyInteractiveSciencesLimited, Gloucester PrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperby ButlerandTannerLtd, Frome, Somerset LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS General abbreviations 1 AB bachelorofarts BCnl. bachelorofcanonlaw ABC AustralianBroadcastingCorporation BCom bachelorofcommerce ABCTV ABCTelevision BD bachelorofdivinity act. active BEd bachelorofeducation A$ Australiandollar BEng bachelorofengineering AD annodomini bkpl.bks book(s) AFC AirForceCross BL bacheloroflaw letters literature AIDS acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome BLitt bacheloroflette/rs / AK Alaska BM bachelorofmedicine AL Alabama BMus bachelorofmusic Alevel advancedlevel[examination] BP beforepresent ALS associateoftheLinneanSociety BP BritishPetroleum AM masterofarts Bros. Brothers AMICE aEsnsgoicnieaetresmemberoftheInstitutionofCivil BS (1)bachelorofscience;(2)bachelorofsurgery; ANZAC AustralianandNewZealandArmyCorps BSc b(3a)cBhreiltoirshosftsacnideanrcde appxpi.appxs appendix(es) BSc(Econ.) bachelorofscience(economics) AR Arkansas BSc(Eng.) bachelorofscience(engineering) ARA associateoftheRoyalAcademy bt baronet ARCA associateoftheRoyalCollegeofArt BTh bacheloroftheology ARCM associateoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic ARCO associateoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists bCu.r. bcuormimedand[identifierforpublished AR1BA associateoftheRoyalInstituteofBritish parliamentarypapers] Architects ARP air-raidprecautions c. circa ARRC associateoftheRoyalRedCross cC.A cCaapliitfuolrunmipal.capitula:chapter(s) ARSA associateoftheRoyalScottishAcademy Cantab. Cantabrigiensis AarSt.C AarrtimcyleS/eirtviecmeCorps cap. capitulumpl.capitula:chapter(s) CB companionoftheBath Asch AustrianSchilling CBE commanderoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire ASDIC AntisubmarineDetectionInvestigation Committee CBS ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem ATS AuxiliaryTerritorialService cc cubiccentimetres ATV AssociatedTelevision C$ Canadiandollar Aug August CD compactdisc AZ Arizona Cd command[identifierforpublished bom parliamentarypapers] bB.A bachelorofarts CE Common(orChristian)Era BA(Admin.) bachelorofarts(administration) cent. century BAFTA BritishAcademyofFilmandTelevisionArts cf. compare BAO bachelorofartsinobstetrics CH CompanionofHonour chap. chapter bap. baptized BBC BritishBroadcastingCorporation Company ChB bachelorofsurgery BC beforeChrist / Cl ImperialOrderoftheCrownofIndia BCE beforethecommon(orChristian)era CIA CentralIntelligenceAgency BCE bachelorofcivilengineering CID CriminalInvestigationDepartment BCG bacillusofCalmetteandGuerin[inoculation CIE companionoftheOrderoftheIndianEmpire againsttuberculosis] Cie Compagnie BCh bachelorofsurgery CLit companionofliterature BChir bachelorofsurgery CM masterofsurgery BCL bachelorofcivillaw cm centimetre(s) GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS vi Cmd command[identifierforpublished edn edition parliamentarypapers] EEC EuropeanEconomicCommunity CMC companionoftheOrderofStMichaeland EFTA EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation StGeorge EICS EastIndiaCompanyService Cmnd command[identifierforpublished EMI ElectricalandMusicalIndustries(Ltd) parliamentarypapers] CO Colorado Eng. English Co. company enl. enlarged ENSA EntertainmentsNationalServiceAssociation CO. county col.pi.cols. column(s) ep.pi.epp. epistola(e) ESP extra-sensoryperception Corp. corporation esp. especially CSE certificateofsecondaryeducation CSI companionoftheOrderoftheStarofIndia esq. esquire CT Connecticut est. estimate/estimated EU EuropeanUnion CVO commanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder cwt hundredweight ex soldby(lit.outof) $ (American)dollar excl. excludes/excluding exh. exhibited d. (1)penny(pence);(2)died DBE damecommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish exh.cat. exhibitioncatalogue Empire f.pl.fif. following[pages] DCH diplomainchildhealth FA FootballAssociation DCh doctorofsurgery FACP fellowoftheAmericanCollegeofPhysicians DCL doctorofcivillaw facs. facsimile DCnL doctorofcanonlaw FANY FirstAidNursingYeomanry DCVO damecommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder FBA fellowoftheBritishAcademy DD doctorofdivinity FBI FederationofBritishIndustries DE Delaware FCS fellowoftheChemicalSociety Dec December Feb February dem. demolished FEng fellowoftheFellowshipofEngineering DEng doctorofengineering FFCM fellowoftheFacultyofCommunityMedicine des. destroyed FGS fellowoftheGeologicalSociety DFC DistinguishedFlyingCross fig- figure DipEd diplomaineducation FIMechE fellowoftheInstitutionofMechanical DipPsych diplomainpsychiatry Engineers diss. dissertation FL Florida DL deputylieutenant ft- floruit DLitt doctorofletters FLS fellowoftheLinneanSociety DLittCelt doctorofCelticletters FM frequencymodulation DM (1)Deutschmark;(2)doctorofmedicine; fol.pi.fols. folio(s) (3)doctorofmusicalarts Fr Frenchfrancs DMus doctorofmusic Fr. French DNA dioxyribonucleicacid FRAeS fellowoftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety doc. document FRAI fellowoftheRoyalAnthropologicalInstitute DOL doctoroforientallearning FRAM fellowoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic DPH diplomainpublichealth FRAS (t)fellowoftheRoyalAsiaticSociety;(2)fellow DPhil doctorofphilosophy oftheRoyalAstronomicalSociety DPM diplomainpsychologicalmedicine FRCM fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic DSC DistinguishedServiceCross FRCO fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists DSc doctorofscience FRCOG fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand DSc(Econ.) doctorofscience(economics) Gynaecologists DSc(Eng.) doctorofscience(engineering) FRCP(C) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof Canada DSM DistinguishedServiceMedal DSO companionoftheDistinguishedServiceOrder FRCP(Edin.) fEedlilnobwuorfgthheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof DSocSc doctorofsocialscience FRCP(Lond.) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof DTech doctoroftechnology London DTh doctoroftheology FRCPath fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPathologists DTM diplomaintropicalmedicine FRCPsych fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists DTMH diplomaintropicalmedicineandhygiene FRCS fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons DU doctoroftheuniversity FRGS fellowoftheRoyalGeographicalSociety DUniv doctoroftheuniversity FRIBA fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects dwt pennyweight FRICS fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofChartered EC EuropeanCommunity Surveyors ed.pl.eds. edited/editedby/editor(s) FRS fellowoftheRoyalSociety Edin. Edinburgh FRSA fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofArts : GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS vii FRSCM fellowoftheRoyalSchoolofChurchMusic ISO companionoftheImperialServiceOrder FRSE fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofEdinburgh It. Italian FRSL fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofLiterature ITA IndependentTelevisionAuthority FSA fellowoftheSocietyofAntiquaries ITV IndependentTelevision ft footpi.feet Jan January FTCL fellowofTrinityCollegeofMusic.London JP justiceofthepeace ft-lbpermin. foot-poundsperminute[unitofhorsepower] jun. junior FZS fellowoftheZoologicalSociety KB knightoftheOrderoftheBath GA Georgia KBE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish GBE knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofthe Empire BritishEmpire KC king’scounsel GCB knightgrandcrossoftheOrderoftheBath kcal kilocalorie GCE generalcertificateofeducation KCB knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBath GCH knightgrandcrossoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder KCH knightcommanderoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder GCHQ governmentcommunicationsheadquarters KCIE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheIndian GCIE knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe Empire IndianEmpire KCMG knightcommanderoftheOrderofStMichael GCMG knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofSt andStGeorge MichaelandStGeorge KCS1 knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheStarof GCSE generalcertificateofsecondaryeducation India GCSI knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe KCVO knightcommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder StarofIndia keV kilo-electron-volt GCStJ bailiffordamegrandcrossoftheorderofSt KG knightoftheOrderoftheGaiter JohnofJerusalem KGB [Sovietcommitteeofstatesecurity] GCVO knightordamegrandcrossoftheRoyal KH knightoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder VictorianOrder KLM KoninklijkeLuchtvaartMaatschappij(Royal GEC GeneralElectricCompany DutchAirLines) Ger. German km kilometre(s) GI government(orgeneral)issue KP knightoftheOrderofStPatrick GMT Greenwichmeantime KS Kansas GP generalpractitioner KT knightoftheOrderoftheThistle GPU [Sovietspecialpoliceunit] kt knight GSO generalstaffofficer KY Kentucky Heb. Hebrew £ pound)s)sterling HEICS HonourableEastIndiaCompanyService £E Egyptianpound HI Hawaii L lirapi.lire HIV humanimmunodeficiencyvirus l.pl.11. line(s) HK$ HongKongdollar LA Lousiana HM his/hermajesty(’s) LAA lightanti-aircraft HMAS his/hermajesty’sAustralianship LAH licentiateoftheApothecaries'Hall,Dublin HMNZS his/hermajesty’sNewZealandship Lat. Latin HMS his/hermajesty’sship lb pound(s),unitofweight HMSO His/HerMajesty’sStationeryOffice LDS licenceindentalsurgery HMV HisMaster’sVoice lit. literally Hon. Honourable LittB bachelorofletters hp horsepower LittD doctorofletters hr hour(s) LKQCP1 licentiateoftheKingandQueen’sCollegeof HRH his herroyalhighness Physicians,Ireland / HTV HarlechTelevision LLA ladyliterateinarts IA Iowa LLB bacheloroflaws ibid. ibidem inthesameplace LLD doctoroflaws ICI ImperialChemicalIndustries(Ltd) LLM masteroflaws ID Idaho LM licentiateinmidwifery IL Illinois LP long-playingrecord illus. illustration LRAM licentiateoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic illustr. illustrated LRCP licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians IN Indiana LRCPS(Glasgow) licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansand in. inch(es) SurgeonsofGlasgow Inc. Incorporated LRCS licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons incl. includes including LSA licentiateoftheSocietyofApothecaries / IOU Ioweyou LSD lysergicaciddiethylamide IQ intelligencequotient LVO lieutenantoftheRoyalVictorianOrder Ir£ Irishpound M.pl.MM. Monsieurpi.Messieurs IRA IrishRepublicanArmy m metre(s) : GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS viii m.pi.mm. membrane(s) ND NorthDakota MA (1)Massachusetts:(2)masterofarts n.d. nodate MAI masterofengineering NE Nebraska MB bachelorofmedicine nem.con. neminecontradicente unanimously MBA masterofbusinessadministration newser. newseries MBE memberoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire NH NewHampshire MC MilitaryCross NHS NationalHealthService MCC MaryleboneCricketClub NJ NewJersey MCh masterofsurgery NKVD [Sovietpeople'scommissariatforinternal MChir masterofsurgery affairs] MCom masterofcommerce NM NewMexico MD (1)doctorofmedicine:(2)Maryland nm nanometre(s) MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine no.pi.nos. number(s) ME Maine Nov November MEd masterofeducation n.p. noplace(ofpublication] MEng masterofengineering NS newstyle MEP memberoftheEuropeanparliament NV Nevada MG MorrisGarages NY NewYork MGM Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer NZBS NewZealandBroadcastingService Mgr Monsignor OBE officeroftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire MI (1)Michigan:(2)militaryintelligence obit. obituary Mhc [secretintelligencedepartment] Oct October MI5 [militaryintelligencedepartment] OCTU officercadetstrainingunit MI6 [secretintelligencedepartment] OECD OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationand Development MI9 [secretescapeservice] OEEC OrganizationforEuropeanEconomicCo- MICE memberoftheInstitutionofCivilEngineers operation MIEE memberoftheInstitutionofElectrical OFM orderofFriarsMinor[Franciscans] Engineers OFMCap OrdineFratiMinoriCappucini:memberofthe min. minute(s) Capuchinorder Mk mark OH Ohio ML (1)licentiateofmedicine;(2)masteroflaws OK Oklahoma MLitt masterofletters 0level ordinarylevel[examination! Mile Mademoiselle OM OrderofMerit mm millimetre(s) OP orderofPreachers[Dominicans] Mme Madame op.pi.opp. opuspi.opera MN Minnesota OPEC OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries MO Missouri OR Oregon MOH medicalofficerofhealth orig. original MP memberofparliament os oldstyle m.p.h. milesperhour OSB OrderofStBenedict MPhil masterofphilosophy OTC Officers'TrainingCorps MRCP memberoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians OWS OldWatercolourSociety MRCS memberoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons Oxon. Oxoniensis MRCVS memberoftheRoyalCollegeofVeterinary p.pi.pp. page(s) Surgeons PA Pennsylvania MR1A memberoftheRoyalIrishAcademy pa. perannum MS (t)masterofscience;(2)Mississippi para. paragraph MSpl.MSS manuscript(s) PAYE payasyouearn MSc masterofscience pbkpl.pbks paperback(s) MSc(Econ.) masterofscience(economics) per. [duringthe]period MT Montana PhD doctorofphilosophy MusB bachelorofmusic pi. (t)plate(s);(2)plural MusBac bachelorofmusic priv.coll. privatecollection MusD doctorofmusic ptpi.pts part(s) MV motorvessel pubd published MVO memberoftheRoyalVictorianOrder PVC polyvinylchloride n.pi.nn. note(s) q.pl.qq. (1)question(s);(2)quire(s) NAAFI Navy.Army,andAirForceInstitutes QC queen’scounsel NASA NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration R rand NATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization R. Rex Regina / NBC NationalBroadcastingCorporation r recto NC NorthCarolina r. reigned/ruled NCO non-commissionedofficer RA RoyalAcademy RoyalAcademician / ix GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS RAC RoyalAutomobileClub Ski- Swedishkrona RAF RoyalAirForce Span. Spanish RAFVR RoyalAirForceVolunteerReserve SPCK SocietyforPromotingChristianKnowledge RAM [memberofthe]RoyalAcademyofMusic SS (1)Santissimi;(2)Schutzstaffel;(3)steamship RAMC RoyalArmyMedicalCorps STB bacheloroftheology RCA RoyalCollegeofArt STD doctoroftheology RCNC RoyalCorpsofNavalConstructors STM masteroftheology RCOG RoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand STB doctoroftheology Gynaecologists supp. supposedly RD1 royaldesignerforindustry suppl.pi,suppls. supplement(s) RE RoyalEngineers repr.pi.reprs. reprint(s)/reprinted sS.Yv. ssutbevaemrbyoa/cshutbvoce:undertheword/heading repro. reproduced TA TerritorialArmy rev. revised/revisedby/reviser/revision TASS |Sovietnewsagency] Revd Reverend RHA RoyalHibernianAcademy TB tuberculosis(lit.tuberclebacillus) R1 W(1a)tRehro-dCoelIosulrasnd;(2)RoyalInstituteofPaintersin TD ((12))tteearcrhittaoiridadllade(cmoeramtbieornoftheDail); TN Tennessee RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects TNT trinitrotoluene RR1MN RRoeyiaclhsImndairaknNavy trans. translated/translatedby/translation/ translator RMS RoyalMailsteamer TT touristtrophy RN RoyalNavy TUC TradesUnionCongress RNA ribonucleicacid TX Texas RNAS RoyalNavalAirService U-boat Unterseeboot:submarine RNR RoyalNavalReserve Ufa Universum-FilmAG RNVR RoyalNavalVolunteerReserve UMIST UniversityofManchesterInstituteofScience RO RecordOffice andTechnology r.p.m. revolutionsperminute UN UnitedNations RRS royalresearchship UNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,and Rs rupees CulturalOrganization RSA (1)RoyalScottishAcademician;(2)RoyalSociety UNICEF UnitedNationsInternationalChildren’s ofArts EmergencyFund RSPCA RoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltyto unpubd unpublished Animals USS UnitedStatesship RtHon. RightHonourable UT Utah RtRevd RightReverend v verso RUC RoyalUlsterConstabulary v. versus Russ. Russian VA Virginia RWS RoyalWatercolourSociety VAD VoluntaryAidDetachment S4C SianelPedwarCymru VC VictoriaCross s. shilling(s) VE-day victoryinEuropeday s.a. subanno:undertheyear Ven. Venerable SABC SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporation VJ-day victoryoverJapanday SAS SpecialAirService SC SouthCarolina vol.pi.vols. volume(s) VT Vermont ScD doctorofscience WA Washington[state] S$ Singaporedollar SD SouthDakota WAAC Women'sAuxiliaiyArmyCorps WAAF Women’sAuxiliaryAirForce sec. second(s) WEA Workers’EducationalAssociation sel. selected WHO WorldHealthOrganization sen. senior W Sept September 1 Wisconsin WRAF Women’sRoyalAirForce ser. series SSIHDARPOE sSoucpireetemeInhteeardnqautaiorntaelresda’lElnieedrgpioeweHrysd,roE-urope WWRVNS WWeosmtenVi’rsgiRnoiyaalNavalService Electrique WVS Women’sVoluntaryService WY Wyoming sig.pi.sigs. signature(s) sing. singular ¥ yen SIS SecretIntelligenceService YMCA YoungMen’sChristianAssociation SJ SocietyofJesus YWCA YoungWomen'sChristianAssociation INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS x 2 Institution abbreviations AllSoulsOxf. AllSoulsCollege.Oxford Garr.Club GarrickClub.London AMOxf. AshmoleanMuseum,Oxford GirtonCam. GirtonCollege.Cambndge BalliolOxf. BalliolCollege.Oxford GL GuildhallLibrary'.London BBCWAC BBCWrittenArchivesCentre.Reading Glos.RO GloucestershireRecordOffice.Gloucester Beds.&LutonARS BedfordshireandLutonArchivesandRecord Gon.&CaiusCam. GonvilleandCaiusCollege.Cambndge Service.Bedford Gov..ArtColl. Government.ArtCollection Berks.RO BerkshireRecordOffice.Reading GSLond. GeologicalSocietyofLondon BF1 BritishFilmInstitute.London Hants.RO HampshireRecordOffice.Winchester BFINFTVA BritishFilmInstitute.London.NationalFilm HarrisMan.Oxf. HamsManchesterCollege.Oxford andTelevisionArchive HarvardTC HarvardTheatreCollection.Harvard BGS BritishGeologicalSurvey.Keyworth. L'niversitv.Cambndge.Massachusetts.Nathan Nottingham MarshPusevLibrary Bum.CA BirminghamCentralLibrary.BirminghamCity- HarvardLL HarvardUniversity.Cambridge.Massachusetts Archives HarvardU.. HarvardUniversity Cambndge. Birm.CL BirminghamCentralLibrary HoughtonL Massachusetts.Hou.ghtonLibrary BL BritishLibrary.London Herefs RO HerefordshireRecordOffice.Hereford BLNSA BritishLibrary.London.NationalSound Herts ALS HertfordshireArchivesandLocalStudies. Archive Hertford BLOIOC BritishLibrary.London.OrientalandIndia Hist.Soc.Penn HistoricalSocietyofPennsylvania. OfficeCollections Philadelphia BLPES LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPolitical HLRO HouseofLordsRecordOffice.London Science.BritishLibraryofPoliticaland Hult.Arch HultonArchive.LondonandNewYork BM EBrciotnisohmMiucsSecuiemn.ceLondon Hunt.L HuntingtonLibrary.SanMarino,California ICL ImpenalCollege.London BBooddll..ORxHf. BBooddlleeiiaannLLiibbrraarryy.oOfxCfoormdmonwealthand Inst.CE InstitutionofCivilEngineers.London AfricanStudiesatRhodesFlouse.Oxford IrnwstM.EE IInmspteintuatlioWnaorfEMluescteruicma.lLEnognidnoeners.London Borth.Inst. UBnoirvtehrwsiictkyoIfnsYtoirtukteofHistoricalResearch. IWMFVA ImpenalWarMuseum.London.Filmand VideoArchive BBroissttoolnRPLO BBroissttoolnRPeucbloircdLOifbfriacrey.Massachusetts rwMSA ImpenalWarMuseum.London.Sound Archive CBuAcCksC.aRmL.SS CASBehruruccvrhkicicihvenie.glsAhlCyaCelmonesltslhrbeieugrere.yRCeacmobrrdisdgaen.dCLhoucraclhSitluldies FKKRiiInn.gg's*ACCamCam kK|iionnhggn''sRsvCCoolllallneedggsee.I'ACmravcemhrbivvrieitsdvgCleeinbtrraer,vCoafmMbanncdhgerster Cambs.AS CambridgeshireArchiveService KingsLond KingsCollege.London CCCCam. CorpusChnstiCollege.Cambridge King'sLond. King'sCollege.London.LiddellHartCentre CCCOxf. CorpusChnstiCollege.Oxford LiddellHartC. forMilitaryArchives Ches.&Chester CheshireandChesterArchivesandLocal Lancs RO lancashueRecordOffice.Preston ALSS StudiesService libraryofCongress Washington.DC ChristChurchOxf. ChristChurch.Oxford Letts.RO Leicestershire.leiccster.andRutlandRecord Office.Leicester Christies Christies.London CityWestm.AC CityofWestminsterArchivesCentre.London lines Arch LincolnshireArchives,lancnln CCKLSRO CCoernptorreaftoiroKneonftiLsohnSdtoundiReesc.oMradisdOsftfoincee LLLPiMnlAn Soc llIiaonmnnbdeeoatnnhMSePotaclriaoecpteoy,loilftoIannndooAtrnicohnives CCoolll..UA.rms CCoollluemgbeioafUAnrimvse.rsiLtoyn.dNonewYork (poolRO LSeirvveircpeoolRecordOfficeandlocalStudies CornwallRO CornwallRecordOffice.Truro LUL londonIfoivrrsitvlibrary CourtauldInst. CourtauldInstituteofArt.London Magd Cam MagdaleneCollege.Cambndge CUL CambndgeUniversityLibrary Magd Oxf MagdalenCollege.Oxford CumbnaAS CumbriaArchiveService Man CityGall ManchesterCity(.allenes Derbys.RO DerbyshireRecordOffice.Matlock Man CL ManchesterCentralLibrary DevonRO DevonRecordOffice.Exeter Mass Hist.Soc MassachusettsHisfoncalSociety.Roston DorsetRO DorsetRecordOffice.Dorchester MertonOxf MertonCollege.Oxford DukeII. DukeUniversity.Durham.NorthCarolina MHSOxf MuseumoftheHistoryofScience.Oxford DukeU..PerkinsL DukeUniversity.Durham.NorthCarolina. MitchellL.Glas MitchellLibrary.Glasgow WilliamR.PerkinsLibrary MitchellL.NSW StateLibraryofNewSouthWales.Sydney. DurhamCath.CL DurhamCathedral,chapterlibrary MitchellLibrary DurhamRO DurhamRecordOffice MorganL PierpontMorganLibrary,NewYork DWL DrWilliams'sLibrary.London NACanada NationalArchivesofCanada.Ottawa EssexRO EssexRecordOffice NAIre NationalArchivesofIreland.Dublin E.SussexRO EastSussexRecordOffice.Lewes NAM NationalArmyMuseum.London Eton EtonCollege.Berkshire NAScot. NationalArchivesofScotland.Edinburgh EMCam. FitzwilliamMuseum.Cambndge NewsInt RO NewsInternationalRecordOffice.London Folger FolgerShakespeareLibrary.Washington.DC NGIre NationalGalleryofIreland.Dublin XI INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS NGScot. NationalGalleryofScotland,Edinburgh SuffolkRO SuffolkRecordOffice NHM NaturalHistoryMuseum,London SurreyHC SurreyHistoryCentre,Woking NLAus. NationalLibraryofAustralia,Canberra TCD TrinityCollege,Dublin NLIre. NationalLibraryofIreland,Dublin TrinityCam. TrinityCollege,Cambridge NLNZ NationalLibraryofNewZealand,Wellington U.Aberdeen UniversityofAberdeen NLNZ.TurnbullL. NationalLibraryofNewZealand,Wellington, U.Birm. UniversityofBirmingham AlexanderTurnbullLibrary U.Birm.L. UniversityofBirminghamLibrary NLScot. NationalLibraryofScotland,Edinburgh U.Cal. UniversityofCalifornia NLWales NationalLibraryofWales,Aberystwyth U.Cam. UniversityofCambridge NMGWales NationalMuseumandGalleryofWales.Cardiff UCL UniversityCollege,London NMM NationalMaritimeMuseum,London U.Durham UniversityofDurham NorfolkRO NorfolkRecordOffice,Norwich U.DurhamL. UniversityofDurhamLibrary Northants.RO NorthamptonshireRecordOffice, U.Edin. UniversityofEdinburgh Northampton U.Edin.,NewColl. UniversityofEdinburgh.NewCollege NorthumbdRO NorthumberlandRecordOffice U.Edin.,New UniversityofEdinburgh,NewCollegeLibrary Notts.Arch. NottinghamshireArchives,Nottingham Coll.L. NPG NationalPortraitGallery,London U.Edin.L. UniversityofEdinburghLibrary NRA NationalArchives,London,Historical U.Glas. UniversityofGlasgow ManuscriptsCommission,NationalRegisterof U.Glas.L. UniversityofGlasgowLibrary Archives U.Hull UniversityofHull NuffieldOxf. NuffieldCollege,Oxford U.Hull,Brynmor UniversityofHull,BrynmorJonesLibrary N.Yorks.CRO NorthYorkshireCountyRecordOffice, JonesL. Northallerton U.Leeds UniversityofLeeds NYPL NewYorkPublicLibrary U.Leeds, UniversityofLeeds,BrothertonLibrary Oxf.UA OxfordUniversityArchives BrothertonL. Oxf.U.Mus.NH OxfordUniversityMuseumofNaturalHistory U.Lond. UniversityofLondon Oxon.RO OxfordshireRecordOffice,Oxford U.Lpool UniversityofLiverpool PembrokeCam. PembrokeCollege,Cambridge U.LpoolL. UniversityofLiverpoolLibrary PRO NationalArchives,London,PublicRecord U.Mich. UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor Office U.Mich.. UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,WilliamL. PRONIre. PublicRecordOfficeforNorthernIreland, ClementsL. ClementsLibrary Belfast U.Newcastle UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne PuseyOxf. PuseyHouse,Oxford U.Newcastle, UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne, RA RoyalAcademyofArts,London RobinsonL. RobinsonLibrary RansomHRC HarryRansomHumanitiesResearchCenter, U.Nott. UniversityofNottingham UniversityofTexas,Austin RAS RoyalAstronomicalSociety,London U.Nott.L. UniversityofNottinghamLibrary U.Oxf. UniversityofOxford RBGKew RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,London U.Reading UniversityofReading RCPLond. RoyalCollegeofPhysiciansofLondon U.ReadingL. UniversityofReadingLibrary RCSEng. RoyalCollegeofSurgeonsofEngland,London U.StAndr. UniversityofStAndrews RGS RoyalGeographicalSociety,London U.StAndr.L. UniversityofStAndrewsLibrary RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects,London U.Southampton UniversityofSouthampton RIBABAL RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects,London, U.SouthamptonL. UniversityofSouthamptonLibrary BritishArchitecturalLibrary U.Sussex UniversityofSussex,Brighton RoyalArch. RoyalArchives,WindsorCastle,Berkshire[by U.Texas UniversityofTexas,Austin graciouspermissionofhermajestythequeen] U.Wales UniversityofWales RoyalIrishAcad. RoyalIrishAcademy,Dublin U.WarwickMod. UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,Modem RoyalScot.Acad. RoyalScottishAcademy,Edinburgh RC RecordsCentre RS RoyalSociety,London V&A VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London RSA RoyalSocietyofArts,London V&ANAL VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London,National RSFriends,Lond. ReligiousSocietyofFriends,London ArtLibrary StAnt.Oxf. StAntony’sCollege,Oxford Warks.CRO WarwickshireCountyRecordOffice,Warwick StJohnCam. StJohn'sCollege,Cambridge WellcomeL. WellcomeLibraryfortheHistoryand S.Antiquaries, SocietyofAntiquariesofLondon UnderstandingofMedicine,London Lond. Westm.DA WestminsterDiocesanArchives,London Sci.Mus. ScienceMuseum,London Wilts.&Swindon WiltshireandSwindonRecordOffice, Scot.NPG ScottishNationalPortraitGallery,Edinburgh RO Trowbridge ScottPolarRI UniversityofCambridge,ScottPolarResearch Worcs.RO WorcestershireRecordOffice,Worcester Institute W.SussexRO WestSussexRecordOffice,Chichester Shelf.Arch. SheffieldArchives W.Yorks.AS WestYorkshireArchiveService Shrops.RRC ShropshireRecordsandResearchCentre, YaleU. YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut Shrewsbury YaleU.,BeineckeL. YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut, SOAS SchoolofOrientalandAfricanStudies,London BeineckeRareBookandManuscriptLibrary Som.ARS SomersetArchiveandRecordService,Taunton YaleU.CBA YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut,Yale Staffs.RO StaffordshireRecordOffice,Stafford CenterforBritishArt