Oxford Dictionary of National Biography Volume 10 Oxford Dictionary of National Biography IN ASSOCIATION WITH The British Academy From the earliest times to the year 2000 Edited by H. C. G. Matthew and Brian Harrison Volume 10 Cappe-Chancellor OXJORD UNIVERSITY PRESS OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS GreatClarendonStreet, Oxford0x26dp OxfordUniversityPressisadepartmentoftheUniversityofOxford. Itfurthers theUniversity’sobjectiveofexcellence inresearch,scholarship, andeducationbypublishingworldwidein Oxford NewYork Auckland Bangkok BuenosAires CapeTown Chennai Dares Salaam Delhi HongKong Istanbul Karachi Kolkata KualaLumpur Madrid Melbourne MexicoCity Mumbai Nairobi SaoPaulo Shanghai Taipei Tokyo Toronto OxfordisaregisteredtrademarkofOxfordUniversityPress intheUKandincertainothercountries PublishedintheUnitedStates byOxfordUniversityPressInc., NewYork ©OxfordUniversityPress 2004 Illustrations©individualcopyrightholdersaslistedin ‘Picturecredits’,andreproducedwithpermission DatabaserightOxfordUniversityPress(maker) Firstpublished2004 Allrightsreserved. Nopartofthismaterialmaybereproduced, storedinaretrievalsystem,ortransmitted,inanyformorbyanymeans, withoutthepriorpermissioninwritingofOxfordUniversityPress, orasexpresslypermittedbylaw, orundertermsagreedwiththeappropriate reprographicsrightsorganization. Enquiriesconcerningreproduction outsidethescopeoftheaboveshouldbesenttotheRightsDepartment, OxfordUniversityPress,attheaddressabove Youmustnotcirculatethisbookinanyotherbindingorcover andyoumustimposethis sameconditiononanyacquirer BritishLibraryCataloguinginPublicationData Dataavailable LibraiyofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Dataavailable: fordetailsseevolume1, p.iv ISBN0-19-861360-1 (thisvolume) ISBN0-19-861411-X (setofsixtyvolumes) TextcapturedbyAlliancePhototypesetters, Pondicherry Illustrationsreproducedandarchivedby AllianceGraphics Ltd,UI< TypesetinOUPSwiftbyInteractiveSciencesLimited,Gloucester PrintedinGreatBritainonacid-freepaperby ButlerandTannerLtd, Frome, Somerset LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 1 General abbreviations AB bachelorofarts BCnL bachelorofcanonlaw ABC AustralianBroadcastingCorporation BCom bachelorofcommerce ABCTV ABCTelevision BD bachelorofdivinity act. active BEd bachelorofeducation AS Australiandollar BEng bachelorofengineering AD annodomini bkpl.bks book(s) AFC AirForceCross BL bacheloroflaw/letters/literature AIDS acquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome BLitt bachelorofletters AK Alaska BM bachelorofmedicine AL Alabama BMus bachelorofmusic Alevel advancedlevel[examination] BP beforepresent ALS associateoftheLinneanSociety BP BritishPetroleum AM masterofarts Bros. Brothers AMICE aEsnsgoicnieaetresmemberoftheInstitutionofCivil BS ((13))bBaricthieslhosrtoafnsdcairednce;(2)bachelor1 ANZAC AustralianandNewZealandArmyCorps BSc bachelorofscience appxpi.appxs appendix(es) BSc(Econ.) bachelorofscience(economics) AR Arkansas BSc(Eng.) bachelorofscience(engineering) ARA associateoftheRoyalAcademy bt baronet ARCA associateoftheRoyalCollegeofArt BTh bacheloroftheology ARCM associateoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic bur. buried ARCO associateoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists C. command[identifierforpublished AR1BA associateoftheRoyalInstituteofBritish parliamentarypapers] Architects c. circa AARRPRC aaisrs-orcaiiadtperoefctahuetiRoonysalRedCross cC.A cCaapliitfuolrunmipal.capitula:chapter(s) ARSA associateoftheRoyalScottishAcademy Cantab. Cantabrigiensis art. article/item cap. capitulumpl.capitula:chapter(s) ASC ArmyServiceCorps CB companionoftheBath Asch AustrianSchilling CBE commanderoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire ASDIC AntisubmarineDetectionInvestigation CBS ColumbiaBroadcastingSystem Committee ATS AuxiliaryTerritorialService cc cubiccentimetres ATV AssociatedTelevision C$ Canadiandollar Aug August CD compactdisc AZ Arizona Cd command[identifierforpublished parliamentarypapers] bB.A bbaocrhnelorofarts CE Common(orChristian)Era BA(Admin.) bachelorofarts(administration) cent. century BAFTA BritishAcademyofFilmandTelevisionArts cf. compare BAO bachelorofartsinobstetrics CH CompanionofHonour chap. chapter bap. baptized bBc:BC bBreiftoirsehCBhrroiasdtcastingCorporation/Company CClhB bIampcehreilaolrOorfdseurrgoefrtyheCrownofIndia bce beforethecommon(orChristian)era CIA CentralIntelligenceAgency BCE bachelorofcivilengineering CID CriminalInvestigationDepartment BCG bacillusofCalmetteandGuerin[inoculation CIE companionoftheOrderoftheIndianEmpire againsttuberculosis) Cie Compagnie BCh bachelorofsurgery CLit companionofliterature BChir bachelorofsurgery CM masterofsurgery BCE bachelorofcivillaw cm centimetre(s) GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS vi Cmd command[identifierforpublished edn edition parliamentarypapers] EEC EuropeanEconomicCommunity CMG companionoftheOrderofStMichaeland EFTA EuropeanFreeTradeAssociation StGeorge EICS EastIndiaCompanyService Cmnd command[identifierforpublished EMI ElectricalandMusicalIndustries(Ltd) parliamentarypapers] Eng. English CO Colorado Co. company enl. enlarged ENSA EntertainmentsNationalServiceAssociation CO. county ep.piepp. epistola(e) col.pi.cols. column(s) ESP extra-sensoryperception Corp. corporation esp. especially CSE certificateofsecondaryeducation CSI companionoftheOrderoftheStarofIndia esq. esquire CT Connecticut est. estimate/estimated EU EuropeanUnion CVO commanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder cwt hundredweight ex soldby(lit.outof) $ (American)dollar excl. excludes/excluding exh. exhibited d. (1)penny(pence);(2)died DBE damecommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish exh.cat. exhibitioncatalogue Empire f.pl.ff. followingIpages] DCH diplomainchildhealth FA FootballAssociation DCh doctorofsurgery FACP fellowoftheAmericanCollegeofPhysicians DCL doctorofcivillaw facs. facsimile DCnL doctorofcanonlaw FANY FirstAidNursingYeomanry DCVO damecommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder FBA fellowoftheBritishAcademy DD doctorofdivinity FBI FederationofBritishIndustries DE Delaware FCS fellowoftheChemicalSociety Dec December Feb February dem. demolished FEng fellowoftheFellowshipofEngineering DEng doctorofengineering FFCM fellowoftheFacultyofCommunityMedicine des. destroyed FGS fellowoftheGeologicalSociety DFC DistinguishedFlyingCross fig- figure DipEd diplomaineducation FIMechE fellowoftheInstitutionofMechanical DipPsych diplomainpsychiatry Engineers diss. dissertation FL Florida DL deputylieutenant fl- floruit DLitt doctorofletters FLS fellowoftheLinneanSociety FM frequencymodulation DLittCelt doctorofCelticletters DM (1)Deutschmark;(2)doctorofmedicine; fol.pi.fols. folio(s) (3)doctorofmusicalarts Fr Frenchfrancs DMus doctorofmusic Fr. French DNA dioxyribonucleicacid FRAeS fellowoftheRoyalAeronauticalSociety doc. document FRAI fellowoftheRoyalAnthropologicalInstitute DOL doctoroforientallearning FRAM fellowoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic DPH diplomainpublichealth FRAS (1)fellowoftheRoyalAsiaticSociety;(2)fellow DPhil doctorofphilosophy oftheRoyalAstronomicalSociety DPM diplomainpsychologicalmedicine FRCM fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofMusic DSC DistinguishedServiceCross FRCO fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofOrganists DSc doctorofscience FRCOG fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand Gynaecologists DSc(Econ.) doctorofscience(economics) DSc(Eng.) doctorofscience(engineering) FRCP(C) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof Canada DSM DistinguishedServiceMedal DSO companionoftheDistinguishedServiceOrder FRCP(Edin.) fEedlilnobwuorfgthheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof DSocSc doctorofsocialscience FRCP(Lond.) fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansof DTech doctoroftechnology London DTh doctoroftheology FRCPath fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPathologists DTM diplomaintropicalmedicine FRCPsych fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofPsychiatrists DTMH diplomaintropicalmedicineandhygiene FRCS fellowoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons DU doctoroftheuniversity FRGS fellowoftheRoyalGeographicalSociety DUniv doctoroftheuniversity FRIBA fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects dwt pennyweight FRICS fellowoftheRoyalInstituteofChartered EC EuropeanCommunity Surveyors ed.pi.eds. edited/editedby/editor(s) FRS fellowoftheRoyalSociety Edin. Edinburgh FRSA fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofArts GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS vii FRSCM fellowoftheRoyalSchoolofChurchMusic ISO companionoftheImperialServiceOrder FRSE fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofEdinburgh It. Italian FRSL fellowoftheRoyalSocietyofLiterature ITA IndependentTelevisionAuthority FSA fellowoftheSocietyofAntiquaries [TV IndependentTelevision ft footpifeet Jan January FTCL fellowofTrinityCollegeofMusic,London JP justiceofthepeace fit-lbpermin. foot-poundsperminute[unitofhorsepower] jun. junior FZS fellowoftheZoologicalSociety KB knightoftheOrderoftheBath GA Georgia KBE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBritish GBE knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofthe Empire BritishEmpire KC king’scounsel GCB knightgrandcrossoftheOrderoftheBath kcal kilocalorie GCE generalcertificateofeducation KCB knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheBath GCH knightgrandcrossoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder KCH knightcommanderoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder GCHQ governmentcommunicationsheadquarters KCIE knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheIndian GCIE knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe Empire IndianEmpire KCMG knightcommanderoftheOrderofStMichael GCMG knightordamegrandcrossoftheOrderofSt andStGeorge MichaelandStGeorge KCSI knightcommanderoftheOrderoftheStarof GCSE generalcertificateofsecondaryeducation India GCSI knightgrandcommanderoftheOrderofthe KCVO knightcommanderoftheRoyalVictorianOrder StarofIndia keV kilo-electron-volt GCStJ bailiffordamegrandcrossoftheorderofSt KG knightoftheOrderoftheGarter JohnofJerusalem KGB [Sovietcommitteeofstatesecurity] GCVO knightordamegrandcrossoftheRoyal KH knightoftheRoyalGuelphicOrder VictorianOrder KLM KoninklijkeLuchtvaartMaatschappij(Royal GEC GeneralElectricCompany DutchAirLines) Ger. German km kilometre(s) GI government(orgeneral)issue KP knightoftheOrderofStPatrick GMT Greenwichmeantime KS Kansas GP generalpractitioner KT knightoftheOrderoftheThistle GPU [Sovietspecialpoliceunit] kt knight GSO generalstaffofficer KY Kentucky Heb. Hebrew £ pound(s)sterling HEICS HonourableEastIndiaCompanyService £E Egyptianpound HI Hawaii L lirapilire HIV humanimmunodeficiencyvirus 1.pi.11. line(s) HK$ HongKongdollar LA Lousiana HM his/hermajesty('s) LAA lightanti-aircraft HMAS his/hermajesty’sAustralianship LAH licentiateoftheApothecaries’Hall,Dublin HMNZS his/hermajesty'sNewZealandship Lat. Latin HMS his/hermajesty’sship lb pound(s),unitofweight HMSO His/HerMajesty’sStationeryOffice LDS licenceindentalsurgery HMV HisMaster'sVoice lit. literally Hon. Honourable LittB bachelorofletters hp horsepower LittD doctorofletters hr hour(s) LKQCP1 licentiateoftheKingandQueen’sCollegeof HRH his/herroyalhighness Physicians,Ireland HTV HarlechTelevision LLA ladyliterateinarts IA Iowa LLB bacheloroflaws ibid. ibidem:inthesameplace LLD doctoroflaws ICI ImperialChemicalIndustries(Ltd) LLM masteroflaws ID Idaho LM licentiateinmidwifery IL Illinois LP long-playingrecord illus. illustration LRAM licentiateoftheRoyalAcademyofMusic illustr. illustrated LRCP licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians IN Indiana LRCPS(Glasgow) licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysiciansand in. inch(es) SurgeonsofGlasgow Inc. Incorporated LRCS licentiateoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons incl. includes/including LSA licentiateoftheSocietyofApothecaries IOU oweyou LSD lysergicaciddiethylamide I IQ intelligencequotient LVO lieutenantoftheRoyalVictorianOrder Ir£ Irishpound M.pi.MM. Monsieurpi.Messieurs IRA IrishRepublicanArmy m metre(s) GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS viii m.pi.mm. membrane(s) ND NorthDakota MA (1)Massachusetts;(2)masterofarts n.d. nodate MAI masterofengineering NE Nebraska MB bachelorofmedidne nem.con. neminecontradicente:unanimously MBA masterofbusinessadministration newser. newseries MBE memberoftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire NH NewHampshire MC MilitaryCross NHS NationalHealthService MCC MaiyleboneCricketClub NJ NewJersey MCh masterofsurgery NKVD (Sovietpeople'scommissariatforinternal MChir masterofsurgery affairs) MCom masterofcommerce NM NewMexico MD (t)doctorofmedidne;(2)Maryland nm nanometre(s) MDMA methylenedioxymethamphetamine no.plnos. numbers) ME Maine Nov November MEd masterofeducation n.p. noplace(ofpublication! MEng masterofengineering NS newstyle MEP memberoftheEuropeanparliament NV Nevada MG MorrisGarages NY NewYork MGM Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer NZBS NewZealandBroadcastingService Mgr Monsignor OBE officeroftheOrderoftheBritishEmpire MI (1)Michigan;(2)militaryintelligence obit. obituary Oct October MIic (secretintelligencedepartment! Mis (militaryintelligencedepartment! ocru officercadetstrainingunit MI6 |secretintelligencedepartment! OECD OrganizationforEconomicCo-operationand Development MIg (secretescapeservice! OEEC OrganizationforEuropeanEconomicCo- MICE memberoftheInstitutionofCivilEngineers operation MIEE memberoftheInstitutionofElectrical OFM orderofFriarsMinor[Franciscans| Engineers OFMCap OrdineFratiMinoriCappucini:memberofthe min. minute(s) Capuchinorder Mk mark OH Ohio ML (1)licentiateofmedicine;(2)masteroflaws OK Oklahoma MLitt masterofletters 0level ordinarylevel[examination! Mile Mademoiselle OM OrderofMerit mm millimetre(s) OP orderofPreachers(Dominicans] Mme Madame op.pi.opp. opuspiopera MN Minnesota OPEC OrganizationofPetroleumExportingCountries MO Missouri OR Oregon MOH medicalofficerofhealth orig. original MP memberofparliament os oldstyle m.p.h. milesperhour OSB OrderofStBenedict MPhil masterofphilosophy OTC Officers'TrainingCorps MRCP memberoftheRoyalCollegeofPhysicians OWS OldWatercolourSociety MRCS memberoftheRoyalCollegeofSurgeons Oxon. Oxoniensis MRCVS memberoftheRoyalCollegeofVeterinary p.pi.pp. page(s) Surgeons PA Pennsylvania MRIA memberoftheRoyalIrishAcademy P-a. perannum MS (1)masterofscience;(2)Mississippi para. paragraph MSpiMSS manuscript(s) PAYE payasyouearn MSc masterofscience pbkpipbks paperback(s) MSc(Econ.) masterofscience(economics) per. (duringthe]period MT Montana PhD doctorofphilosophy MusB bachelorofmusic pi. (1)plate(s);(2)plural MusBac bachelorofmusic priv.coll. privatecollection MusD doctorofmusic ptpipts part(s) MV motorvessel pubd published MVO memberoftheRoyalVictorianOrder PVC polyvinylchloride n.pi.nn. note(s) q.piqq. (1)question(s);(2)quire(s) NAAFI Navy,Army,andAirForceInstitutes QC queen’scounsel NASA NationalAeronauticsandSpaceAdministration R rand NATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization R. Rex/Regina NBC NationalBroadcastingCorporation r recto NC NorthCarolina r. reigned/ruled NCO non-commissionedofficer RA RoyalAcademy RoyalAcademician / GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS IX RAC RoyalAutomobileClub Skr Swedishkrona RAF RoyalAirForce Span. Spanish RAFVR RoyalAirForceVolunteerReserve SPCK SocietyforPromotingChristianKnowledge RAM [memberofthe]RoyalAcademyofMusic SS (1)Santissimi;(2)Schutzstaffel;(3)steamship RAMC RoyalArmyMedicalCorps STB bacheloroftheology RCA RoyalCollegeofArt STD doctoroftheology RCNC RoyalCorpsofNavalConstructors STM masteroftheology RCOG RoyalCollegeofObstetriciansand STP doctoroftheology Gynaecologists supp. supposedly RDI royaldesignerforindustry suppl.pl.suppls. supplement(s) RreEpr.pi.reprs. RreopyrailntE(ns)gi/nreeeprrsinted sS.Yv. ssutbevaemrbyoa/cshutbvoce:undertheword/heading repro. reproduced TA TerritorialArmy rev. revised/revisedby/reviser/revision TASS [Sovietnewsagency] Revd Reverend RRIHA W(R1ao)tyReahlro-HdCioebleIorsulnraisnadn;A(2c)aRdoyeamlyInstituteofPaintersin TTBD t((12u))btteeerarccruhilttaooirsiidasalt(adliet(.cmtoeurbametbriecolrneobfatcihleluDsa)il); TN Tennessee RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects TNT trinitrotoluene RIN RoyalIndianNavy RM Reichsmark trans. translated/translatedby/translation/ translator RMS RoyalMailsteamer TT touristtrophy RN RoyalNavy TUC TradesUnionCongress RNA ribonucleicacid TX Texas RNAS RoyalNavalAirService U-boat Unterseeboot:submarine RNR RoyalNavalReserve Ufa Universum-FilmAG RNVR RoyalNavalVolunteerReserve RO RecordOffice UMIST UannidveTrescihtnyoolfogMyanchesterInstituteofScience r.p.m. revolutionsperminute UN UnitedNations RRS royalresearchship UNESCO UnitedNationsEducational,Scientific,and Rs rupees CulturalOrganization RSA (1)RoyalScottishAcademician;(2)RoyalSociety UNICEF UnitedNationsInternationalChildren’s ofArts EmergencyFund RSPCA RoyalSocietyforthePreventionofCrueltyto unpubd unpublished Animals USS UnitedStatesship RtHon. RightHonourable UT Utah RtRevd RightReverend V verso RUC RoyalUlsterConstabulary V. versus Russ. Russian VA Virginia RWS RoyalWatercolourSociety VAD VoluntaryAidDetachment S4C SianelPedwarCymru VC VictoriaCross s. shilling(s) VE-day victoryinEuropeday s.a. subanno:undertheyear Ven. Venerable SABC SouthAfricanBroadcastingCorporation SAS SpecialAirService VJ-day victoryoverJapanday SC SouthCarolina vol.pi.vols. volume(s) VT Vermont SS$cD dSoicntgoarpoorfescdioellnacre WA Washington[state] SD SouthDakota WAAC Women'sAuxiliaryArmyCorps WAAF Women'sAuxiliaryAirForce sec. second(s) WEA Workers'EducationalAssociation sel. selected WHO WorldHealthOrganization sen. senior WI Wisconsin Sept September WRAP Women'sRoyalAirForce ser. series SHAPE supremeheadquartersalliedpowers,Europe WRNS Women'sRoyalNavalService SIDRO SocidtdInternationaled'EnergieHydro- WV WestVirginia filcctrique WVS Women'sVoluntaryService sig.pisigs. signature(s) WY Wyoming sing. singular ¥ yen SIS SecretIntelligenceService YMCA YoungMen'sChristianAssociation SJ SocietyofJesus YWCA YoungWomen'sChristianAssociation INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS 2 Institution abbreviations AllSoulsOxf. AllSoulsCollege,Oxford Garr.Club GarrickClub,London AMOxf. AshmoleanMuseum,Oxford GirtonCam. GirtonCollege,Cambridge BalliolOxf. BalliolCollege.Oxford GL GuildhallLibrary,London BBCWAC BBCWrittenArchivesCentre,Reading Glos.RO GloucestershireRecordOffice,Gloucester Beds.&LutonARS BedfordshireandLutonArchivesandRecord Gon.&CaiusCam. GonvilleandCaiusCollege,Cambridge Service.Bedford Gov.ArtColl. GovernmentArtCollection Berks.RO BerkshireRecordOffice,Reading GSLond. GeologicalSocietyofLondon BFI BritishFilmInstitute.London Hants.RO HampshireRecordOffice,Winchester BFINFTVA BritishFilmInstitute,London,NationalFilm HarrisMan.Oxf. HarrisManchesterCollege.Oxford andTelevisionArchive HarvardTC HarvardTheatreCollection,Harvard BGS BritishGeologicalSurvey,Keyworth, University,Cambridge,Massachusetts,Nathan Nottingham MarshPuseyLibrary Birm.CA BirminghamCentralLibrary.BirminghamCity HarvardU. HarvardUniversity,Cambridge,Massachusetts Archives HarvardU„ HarvardUniversity.Cambridge, Birm.CL BirminghamCentralLibrary HoughtonL. Massachusetts,HoughtonLibrary BL BritishLibrary,London Herefs.RO HerefordshireRecordOffice.Hereford BLNSA BritishLibrary.London,NationalSound Herts.ALS HertfordshireArchivesandLocalStudies, Archive Hertford BLOIOC BritishLibrary,London,OrientalandIndia Hist.Soc.Penn. HistoricalSocietyofPennsylvania. OfficeCollections Philadelphia BLPES LondonSchoolofEconomicsandPolitical HLRO HouseofLordsRecordOffice.London Science,BritishLibraryofPoliticaland Hult.Arch. HultonArchive.LondonandNewYork EconomicScience Hunt.L. HuntingtonLibrary,SanMarino,California BM BritishMuseum,London ICL ImperialCollege,London Bodl.Oxf. BodleianLibrary.Oxford Inst.CE InstitutionofCivilEngineers,London Bodl.RH BodleianLibraryofCommonwealthand Inst.EE InstitutionofElectricalEngineers,London AfricanStudiesatRhodesHouse,Oxford IWM ImperialWarMuseum,London Borth.Inst. BorthwickInstituteofHistoricalResearch. IWMFVA ImperialWarMuseum,London,Filmand UniversityofYork VideoArchive BostonPL BostonPublicLibrary.Massachusetts IWMSA ImperialWarMuseum,London.Sound BristolRO BristolRecordOffice Archive Bucks.RLSS BuckinghamshireRecordsandLocalStudies JRL JohnRylandsUniversityLibraryofManchester Service.Aylesbury King'sACCam. King'sCollegeArchivesCentre,Cambridge CACCam. ChurchillCollege,Cambridge,Churchill King'sCam. King'sCollege,Cambridge ArchivesCentre King'sLond. King'sCollege,London Cambs.AS CambridgeshireArchiveService King'sLond.. King'sCollege.London,LiddellHartCentre CCCCCCCOxafm.. CCoorrppuussCChhrriissttiiCCoolllleeggee,,COxafmobrrdidge LanLcisa.ueRiiOnanc,. fLoarncMaislhitiarreyRAerccohridveOsffice.Preston CheAsL.SS&Chester CSthuedsiheisreSearnvdicCehesterArchivesandLocal LL.eiCcos.ngR.O LLeiibcreasrtyeorsfhCiorneg,rLeesisc,esWtears,hainngdtRount,laDnCdRecord ChristChurchOxf. ChristChurch,Oxford Office.Leicester Christies Christies,London Lines.Arch. LincolnshireArchives,Lincoln CityWestm.AC CityofWestminsterArchivesCentre.London Linn.Soc. LinneanSocietyofLondon CKS CentreforKentishStudies,Maidstone LMA LondonMetropolitanArchives CLRO CorporationofLondonRecordsOffice LPL LambethPalace,London Coll.Arms CollegeofArms,London LpoolRO LiverpoolRecordOfficeandLocalStudies Col.U. ColumbiaUniversity.NewYork Service CornwallRO CornwallRecordOffice,Truro LUL LondonUniversityLibrary CourtauldInst. CourtauldInstituteofArt,London Magd.Cam. MagdaleneCollege,Cambridge CUL CambridgeUniversityLibrary Magd,Oxf. MagdalenCollege,Oxford CumbriaAS CumbriaArchiveService Man.CityGall. ManchesterCityGalleries Derbys.RO DerbyshireRecordOffice,Matlock Man.CL ManchesterCentralLibrary DevonRO DevonRecordOffice,Exeter Mass.Hist,Soc. MassachusettsHistoricalSociety,Boston DorsetRO DorsetRecordOffice,Dorchester MertonOxf. MertonCollege,Oxford DukeU. DukeUniversity,Durham,NorthCarolina MHSOxf. MuseumoftheHistoryofScience,Oxford DukeU„PerkinsL. DukeUniversity,Durham,NorthCarolina, MitchellL.,Glas. MitchellLibrary.Glasgow WilliamR.PerkinsLibrary MitchellL„NSW StateLibraryofNewSouthWales,Sydney, DurhamCath.CL DurhamCathedral,chapterlibrary MitchellLibrary DurhamRO DurhamRecordOffice MorganL. PierpontMorganLibrary,NewYork DWL DrWilliams’sLibrary,London NACanada NationalArchivesofCanada,Ottawa EssexRO EssexRecordOffice NAIre. NationalArchivesofIreland,Dublin E.SussexRO EastSussexRecordOffice,Lewes NAM NationalArmyMuseum,London Eton EtonCollege,Berkshire NAScot. NationalArchivesofScotland,Edinburgh FMCam. FitzwilliamMuseum,Cambridge NewsInt.RO NewsInternationalRecordOffice,London Folger FolgerShakespeareLibrary.Washington,DC NGIre. NationalGalleryofIreland,Dublin INSTITUTION ABBREVIATIONS xi NGScot. NationalGalleryofScotland,Edinburgh SuffolkRO SuffolkRecordOffice NHM NaturalHistoryMuseum,London SurreyHC SurreyHistoryCentre,Woking NLAus. NationalLibraryofAustralia,Canberra TCD TrinityCollege.Dublin NLIre. NationalLibraryofIreland,Dublin TrinityCam. TrinityCollege,Cambridge NLNZ NationalLibraryofNewZealand,Wellington U.Aberdeen UniversityofAberdeen NLNZ,TurnbullL. NationalLibraryofNewZealand,Wellington, U.Birm. UniversityofBirmingham AlexanderTurnbullLibrary U.Birm.L. UniversityofBirminghamLibrary NLScot. NationalLibraryofScotland,Edinburgh U.Cal. UniversityofCalifornia NLWales NationalLibraryofWales,Aberystwyth U.Cam. UniversityofCambridge NMGWales NationalMuseumandGalleryofWales,Cardiff UCL UniversityCollege,London NMM NationalMaritimeMuseum,London U.Durham UniversityofDurham NorfolkRO NorfolkRecordOffice,Norwich U.DurhamL. UniversityofDurhamLibrary Northants.RO NorthamptonshireRecordOffice, U.Edin. UniversityofEdinburgh Northampton U.Edin..NewColl. UniversityofEdinburgh,NewCollege NorthumbdRO NorthumberlandRecordOffice U.Edin.,New UniversityofEdinburgh,NewCollegeLibrary Notts.Arch. NottinghamshireArchives,Nottingham Coll.L. NPG NationalPortraitGallery,London U.Edin.L. UniversityofEdinburghLibrary NRA NationalArchives,London,Historical U.Glas. UniversityofGlasgow ManuscriptsCommission,NationalRegisterof U.Glas.L. UniversityofGlasgowLibrary Archives U.Hull UniversityofHull NuffieldOxf. NuffieldCollege,Oxford U.Hull,Brynmor UniversityofHull,BrynmorJonesLibrary N.Yorks.CRO NorthYorkshireCountyRecordOffice, JonesL. Northallerton U.Leeds UniversityofLeeds NYPL NewYorkPublicLibrary U.Leeds. UniversityofLeeds,BrothertonLibrary Oxf.UA OxfordUniversityArchives BrothertonL. Oxf.U.Mus.NH OxfordUniversityMuseumofNaturalHistory U.Lond. UniversityofLondon Oxon.RO OxfordshireRecordOffice,Oxford U.Lpool UniversityofLiverpool PembrokeCam. PembrokeCollege,Cambridge U.LpoolL. UniversityofLiverpoolLibrary PRO NationalArchives,London,PublicRecord U.Mich. UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor Office U.Mich.. UniversityofMichigan,AnnArbor,WilliamL. PRONIre. PublicRecordOfficeforNorthernIreland, ClementsL. ClementsLibrary Belfast U.Newcastle UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne PuseyOxf. PuseyHouse,Oxford U.Newcastle, UniversityofNewcastleuponTyne, RRAansomHRC RHoayrarlyARcaandseommyHoufmAarntis,tiLeosnRdeosnearchCenter, U.RNootbti.nsonL. URnoibvienrssointyLoifbrNaortytingham UniversityofTexas.Austin RAS RoyalAstronomicalSociety,London U.Nott.L. UniversityofNottinghamLibrary RBGKew RoyalBotanicGardens,Kew,London U.Oxf. UniversityofOxford U.Reading UniversityofReading RCPLond. RoyalCollegeofPhysiciansofLondon U.ReadingL. UniversityofReadingLibrary RCSEng. RoyalCollegeofSurgeonsofEngland,London U.StAndr. UniversityofStAndrews RGS RoyalGeographicalSociety,London U.StAndr.L. UniversityofStAndrewsLibrary RIBA RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects,London U.Southampton UniversityofSouthampton RIBABAI. RoyalInstituteofBritishArchitects,London, U.SouthamptonL. UniversityofSouthamptonLibrary BritishArchitecturalLibrary U.Sussex UniversityofSussex,Brighton RoyalArch. RoyalArchives,WindsorCastle,Berkshire[by U.Texas UniversityofTexas,Austin graciouspermissionofhermajestythequeen] RoyalIrishAcad. RoyalIrishAcademy,Dublin U.Wales UniversityofWales U.WarwickMod. UniversityofWarwick,Coventry,Modern RoyalScot.Acad. RoyalScottishAcademy,Edinburgh RC RecordsCentre RS RoyalSociety,London V&A VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London RSA RoyalSocietyofArts,London V&ANAL VictoriaandAlbertMuseum,London,National RSFriends,Lond. ReligiousSocietyofFriends.London ArtLibrary StAnt.Oxf. StAntony'sCollege,Oxford Warks.CRO WarwickshireCountyRecordOffice,Warwick StJohnCam. StJohn'sCollege,Cambridge WellcomeL. WellcomeLibraryfortheHistoryand S.Antiquaries, SocietyofAntiquariesofLondon UnderstandingofMedicine,London Lond. Westm.DA WestminsterDiocesanArchives,London Sci.Mus. ScienceMuseum,London Wilts.&Swindon WiltshireandSwindonRecordOffice, Scot.NPG ScottishNationalPortraitGallery,Edinburgh RO Trowbridge ScottPolarR1 UniversityofCambridge,ScottPolarResearch Worcs.RO WorcestershireRecordOffice,Worcester Institute W.SussexRO WestSussexRecordOffice,Chichester Sheff.Arch. SheffieldArchives W.Yorks.AS WestYorkshireArchiveService Shrops.RRC ShropshireRecordsandResearchCentre, YaleU. YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut Shrewsbury YaleU..BeineckeL. YaleUniversity.NewHaven,Connecticut, SOAS SchoolofOrientalandAfricanStudies,London BeineckeRareBookandManuscriptLibrary Som.ARS SomersetArchiveandRecordService,Taunton YaleU.CBA YaleUniversity,NewHaven,Connecticut,Yale Staffs.RO StaffordshireRecordOffice,Stafford CenterforBritishArt