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Oxford Desk Reference: Nephrology PDF

777 Pages·2009·7.113 MB·English
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OXFORD MEDICAL PUBLICATIONS Oxford Desk Reference Nephrology Oxford University Press makes no representation, express or implied, that the drug dosages in this book are correct. Readers must therefore always check the product informa- tion and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date pub- lished product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulations. The authors and the publishers do not accept responsibility or legal liability for any errors in the text or for the misuse or misapplication of material in this work. 2 Except where otherwise stated, drug doses and recom- mendations are for the non-pregnant adult who is not breast-feeding. Oxford Desk Reference Nephrology Jonathan Barratt Senior Lecturer and Honorary Consultant Nephrologist, John Walls Renal Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester Kevin Harris Reader and Honorary Consultant Nephrologist, John Walls Renal Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester and Peter Topham Reader and Honorary Consultant Nephrologist, John Walls Renal Unit, Leicester General Hospital, Leicester 1 1 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford OX2 6DP Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Auckland Cape Town Dar es Salaam Hong Kong Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Nairobi New Delhi Shanghai Taipei Toronto With offi ces in Argentina Austria Brazil Chile Czech Republic France Greece Guatemala Hungary Italy Japan Poland Portugal Singapore South Korea Switzerland Thailand Turkey Ukraine Vietnam Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Oxford University Press 2009 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2009 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication Data Data available Typeset by Cepha Imaging Private Ltd., Bangalore, India Printed in CPI Antony Rowe, Chippenham, Wiltshire ISBN 978–0–19–922956–7 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 v Preface In this era of evidence-based medicine, one of the biggest challenges confronting clinicians is keeping abreast with often rapidly changing recommendations that guide clinical practice. While it is clearly helpful to have research-based guidelines and protocols to draw upon it is not always easy to access this information, particularly at the time when it is needed most, such as on a ward round or in a busy outpatient clinic. These evidence-based guide- lines, produced by national organizations (The Renal Association, British Hypertension Society, National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence) and international organiza- tions (International Society of Nephrology, National Kidney Federation – KDOQI) are often found in a variety of locations and published media and therefore timely access is not always possible. To overcome this problem we have aimed to produce a comprehensive textbook of nephrology which focuses on aspects of renal disease that are important to the clinician. The book brings together the key recommendations found in current evidence-based guidelines and presents them in a uniform and accessible format. It has been designed and written so that locating information is both quick and simple, and the layout of the chapters allows the reader to identify and assimilate information rapidly. The book is aimed at clinicians with a specialist interest in Nephrology (including con- sultants and specialist trainees in Nephrology) but it should also prove to be a valuable resource for any generalists who encounter a nephrological problem in their day-to-day practice. We hope that this book will become an integral part of your working day. Dr Jonathan Barratt Dr Kevin Harris Dr Peter Topham vi Acknowledgements Many people are involved in the production of a book like this and it is impossible to recognize every contribution. We would, however, like to thank specifi cally the chapter authors who without exception have produced work of the highest quality. In addition we thank Chris Reid, Helen Liepman, and Marionne Cronin from Oxford University Press who have been instrumental in driving the production of the book. Finally we owe particular thanks to our wives and children who have provided endless support, encouragement and patience during the writing and editing process. vii Brief contents Detailed Contents ix Abbreviations xiii Contributors xvii 1 Assessment of renal disease 1 2 Fluid and electrolyte disorders 41 3 Glomerular disease 75 4 The kidney in systemic disease 143 5 Tubular disease 199 6 Chronic interstitial disease 225 7 Urinary tract infection 243 8 Renal stone disease 269 9 Hypertension 285 10 Acute kidney injury 317 11 Chronic kidney disease 389 12 Special problems in chronic kidney disease 461 13 Dialysis 479 14 Renal transplantation 543 15 Inherited renal disease 581 16 Structural and congenital abnormalities 645 viii BRIEF CONTENTS 17 Malignancy of the kidney and urinary tract 667 18 Pharmacology and drug use in kidney disease 689 Appendix 717 Index 737 ix Detailed contents 1 Assessment of renal disease 1 4.3 Plasma cell dyscrasias 158 4.4 Sarcoidosis 164 1.1 History and clinical examination of patients with renal disease 2 4.5 Systemic vasculitis 168 1.2 Urinalysis and microscopy 8 4.6 Mixed cryoglobulinemia and hepatitis C infection 176 1.3 Clinical assessment of renal function 12 4.7 Systemic lupus erythematosus 180 1.4 Renal function in the newborn infant 16 4.8 Scleroderma–systemic sclerosis 186 1.5 The aging kidney 18 4.9 Rheumatoid arthritis, connective tissue 1.6 Imaging in renal disease 20 diseases, and Sjögren’s syndrome 188 1.7 Renal biopsy 32 4.10 Sickle cell neuropathy 192 1.8 Immunological investigation of 4.11 Cancer and the kidney 196 renal disease 36 2 Fluid and electrolyte 5 Tubular disease 199 disorders 41 5.1 Isolated defects of tubular function 200 5.2 Fanconi syndrome 204 2.1 Hypo-/hypernatremia: disorders 5.3 Renal tubular acidosis 208 of water balance 42 5.4 Hypokalemic tubular disorders 214 2.2 Hypo-/hyperkalemia 46 5.5 Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus 220 2.3 Hypo-/hypercalcemia 52 2.4 Hypo-/hyperphosphatemia 56 6 Chronic interstitial disease 225 2.5 Hypo-/hypermagnesemia 60 2.6 Clinical acid–base disorders 64 6.1 Analgesic nephropathy 226 6.2 Nonsteroidal anti-infl ammatory drugs and 3 Glomerular disease 75 the kidney 228 6.3 Uric acid and the kidney 232 3.1 Proteinuria and/or hematuria 76 6.4 Nephrotoxic metals 236 3.2 Nephrotic syndrome 80 6.5 Balkan nephropathy 238 3.3 Minimal change disease 86 6.6 Aristolochic acid nephropathy 3.4 Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis 92 (‘Chinese herb nephropathy’) and 3.5 Immunoglobulin A nephropathy and other rare causes of chronic Henoch–Schönlein purpura 100 interstitial nephritis 240 3.6 Membranous nephropathy 106 3.7 Mesangiocapillary glomerulonephritis 112 7 Urinary tract infection 243 3.8 Acute endocapillary 7.1 Lower and upper urinary tract glomerulonephritis 116 infection in adults 244 3.9 Crescentic glomerulonephritis 120 7.2 Urinary tract infection in children 252 3.10 Antiglomerular basement 7.3 Renal tuberculosis or other membrane (Goodpasture's) disease 124 mycobacterial infections 256 3.11 Infection-related glomerulonephritis 128 7.4 Schistosomiasis 260 3.12 Malignancy-associated glomerular 7.5 Fungal infections and the kidney 264 disease 134 3.13 Glomerular disease in the tropics 138 8 Renal stone disease 269 4 The kidney in systemic 8.1 Medical management of stone disease 270 disease 143 8.2 Surgical management of stone 4.1 Diabetes mellitus 144 disease 274 4.2 Amyloid and immunotactoid 8.3 Nephrocalcinosis 278 glomerulopathy 150 8.4 Renal stone disease in children 282

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