Our Ice Is Vanishing/Sikuvut Nunguliqtuq McGill-Queen’s Native and Northern Series (In memory of Bruce G. Trigger) Sarah Carter and Arthur J. Ray, Editors 1 When the Whalers Were Up North 11 When the North Was Red Inuit Memories from the Eastern Aboriginal Education in Soviet Siberia Arctic Dennis A. Bartels and Alice L. Bartels Dorothy Harley Eber 12 From Talking Chiefs to a Native 2 The Challenge of Arctic Shipping Corporate Elite Science, Environmental Assessment, The Birth of Class and Nationalism and Human Values among Canadian Inuit Edited by David L. VanderZwaag Marybelle Mitchell and Cynthia Lamson 13 Cold Comfort 3 Lost Harvests My Love Affair with the Arctic Prairie Indian Reserve Farmers and Graham W. Rowley Government Policy 14 The True Spirit and Original Intent Sarah Carter of Treaty 7 4 Native Liberty, Crown Sovereignty Treaty 7 Elders and Tribal Council The Existing Aboriginal Right of with Walter Hildebrandt, Dorothy Self-Government in Canada First Rider, and Sarah Carter Bruce Clark 15 This Distant and Unsurveyed Country 5 Unravelling the Franklin Mystery A Woman’s Winter at Baffin Island, Inuit Testimony 1857–1858 David C. Woodman W. Gillies Ross 6 Otter Skins, Boston Ships, and 16 Images of Justice China Goods Dorothy Harley Eber The Maritime Fur Trade of the 17 Capturing Women Northwest Coast, 1785–1841 The Manipulation of Cultural Imagery James R. Gibson in Canada’s Prairie West 7 From Wooden Ploughs to Welfare Sarah A. Carter The Story of the Western Reserves 18 Social and Environmental Impacts of Helen Buckley the James Bay Hydroelectric Project 8 In Business for Ourselves Edited by James F. Hornig Northern Entrepreneurs 19 Saqiyuq Wanda A. Wuttunee Stories from the Lives of Three 9 For an Amerindian Autohistory Inuit Women An Essay on the Foundations of Nancy Wachowich in collaboration a Social Ethic with Apphia Agalakti Awa, Georges E. Sioui Rhoda Kaukjak Katsak, and Sandra Pikujak Katsak 10 Strangers Among Us David Woodman 20 Justice in Paradise 31 The Heavens Are Changing Bruce Clark Nineteenth-Century Protestant Missions and Tsimshian Christianity 21 Aboriginal Rights and Self- Susan Neylan Government The Canadian and Mexican 32 Arctic Migrants/Arctic Villagers Experience in North American The Transformation of Inuit Settle- Perspective ment in the Central Arctic Edited by Curtis Cook and David Damas Juan D. Lindau 33 Arctic Justice 22 Harvest of Souls On Trial for Murder –Pond Inlet, The Jesuit Missions and Colonialism 1923 in North America, 1632–1650 Shelagh D. Grant Carole Blackburn 34 The American Empire and the 23 Bounty and Benevolence Fourth World A History of Saskatchewan Treaties Anthony J. Hall Arthur J. Ray, Jim Miller, and 35 Eighteenth-Century Naturalists Frank Tough of Hudson Bay 24 The People of Denendeh Stuart Houston, Tim Ball, and Ethnohistory of the Indians of Mary Houston Canada’s Northwest Territories 36 Uqalurait June Helm An Oral History of Nunavut 25 The MarshallDecision and Compiled and edited by John Bennett Native Rights and Susan Rowley Ken Coates 37 Living Rhythms 26 The Flying Tiger Lessons in Aboriginal Economic Women Shamans and Storytellers Resilience and Vision of the Amur Wanda Wuttunee Kira Van Deusen 38 The Making of an Explorer 27 Alone in Silence George Hubert Wilkins and the European Women in the Canadian Canadian Arctic Expedition, North before 1940 1913–1916 Barbara E. Kelcey Stuart E. Jenness 28 The Arctic Voyages of Martin 39 Chee Chee Frobisher A Study of Aboriginal Suicide An Elizabethan Adventure Alvin Evans Robert McGhee 40 Strange Things Done 29 Northern Experience and the Myths Murder in Yukon History of Canadian Culture Ken S. Coates and Renée Hulan William R. Morrison 30 The White Man’s Gonna Getcha 41 Healing through Art The Colonial Challenge to the Crees Ritualized Space and Cree Identity in Quebec Nadia Ferrara Toby Morantz 42 Coyote and Raven Go Canoeing 54 Kiviuq Coming Home to the Village An Inuit Hero and His Siberian Peter Cole Cousins Kira Van Deusen 43 Something New in the Air The Story of First Peoples Television 55 Native Peoples and Water Rights Broadcasting in Canada Irrigation, Dams, and the Law in Lorna Roth Western Canada Kenichi Matsui 44 Listening to Old Woman Speak Natives and Alternatives in 56 The Rediscovered Self Canadian Literature Indigenous Identity and Cultural Laura Smyth Groening Justice Ronald Niezen 45 Robert and Francis Flaherty A Documentary Life, 1883–1922 57 As affecting the fate of my absent Robert J. Christopher husband Selected Letters of Lady Franklin 46 Talking in Context Concerning the Search for the Lost Language and Identity in Franklin Expedition, 1848–1860 Kwakwaka’wakw Society Edited by Erika Behrisch Elce Anne Marie Goodfellow 58 The Language of the Inuit 47 Tecumseh’s Bones Syntax, Semantics, and Society Guy St-Denis in the Arctic 48 Constructing Colonial Discourse Louis-Jacques Dorais Captain Cook at Nootka Sound 59 Inuit Shamanism and Christianity Noel Elizabeth Currie Transitions and Transformations 49 The Hollow Tree in the Twentieth Century Fighting Addiction with Traditional Frédéric B. Laugrand and Healing Jarich G. Oosten Herb Nabigon 60 No Place for Fairness 50 The Return of Caribou to Ungava Indigenous Land Rights and Policy in A.T. Bergerud, Stuart Luttich, and the Bear Island Case and Beyond Lodewijk Camps David T. McNab 51 Firekeepers of the Twenty-First 61 Aleut Identity Century Tradition and Modernity in an First Nations Women Chiefs Indigenous Fishery Cora J. Voyageur Katherine L. Reedy-Mascher 52 Isuma 62 Earth into Property Inuit Video Art Aboriginal History and the Making Michael Robert Evans of Global Capitalism Anthony J. Hall 53 Outside Looking In Viewing First Nations Peoples in 63 Collections and Objections Canadian Dramatic Television Series Aboriginal Material Culture in South- Mary Jane Miller ern Ontario, 1791–1914 Michelle A. Hamilton 64 These Mysterious People 71 Setting All the Captives Free Shaping History and Archaeology Capture, Adjustment, and Recollection in a Northwest Coast Community in Allegheny Country Susan Roy Ian K. Steele 65 Telling It to the Judge 72 Before Ontario Taking Native History to Court The Archaeology of a Province Arthur J. Ray Edited by Marit K. Munson and Susan M. Jamieson 66 Aboriginal Music in Contemporary Canada 73 Becoming Inummarik Echoes and Exchanges Men’s Lives in an Inuit Community Edited by Anna Hoefnagels and Peter Collings Beverley Diamond 74 Ancient Pathways, Ancestral 67 In Twilight and in Dawn Knowledge A Biography of Diamond Jenness Ethnobotany and Ecological Wisdom Barnett Richling of Indigenous Peoples of Northwestern North America 68 Women’s Work, Women’s Art Nancy J. Turner Nineteenth-Century Northern Athapaskan Clothing 75 Our Ice Is Vanishing/ Judy Thompson Sikuvut Nunguliqtuq A History of Inuit, Newcomers, 69 Warriors of the Plains and Climate Change The Arts of Plains Indian Warfare Shelley Wright Max Carocci 70 Reclaiming Indigenous Planning Edited by Ryan Walker, Ted Jojola, and David Natcher Our Ice Is Vanishing Sikuvut Nunguliqtuq A History of Inuit, Newcomers, and Climate Change Shelley Wright McGill-Queen’s University Press Montreal & Kingston •London •Ithaca ©McGill-Queen’s University Press 2014 isbn978-0-7735-4462-8(cloth) isbn978-0-7735-9610-8(epdf) isbn978-0-7735-9611-5(epub) Legal deposit third quarter 2014 Bibliothèque nationale du Québec Printed in Canada on acid-free paper McGill-Queen’s University Press acknowledges the support of the Canada Council for the Arts for our publishing program.We also acknowledge the financial support of the Government of Canada through the Canada Book Fund for our publishing activities. Library and Archives Canada Cataloguing in Publication Wright, Shelley, author Our ice is vanishing = Sikuvut nunguliqtuq : a history of Inuit, newcomers, and climate change / Shelley Wright. (McGill-Queen’s native and northern series ; 75) Includes bibliographical references and index. Issued in print and electronic formats. isbn978-0-7735-4462-8(bound).–isbn978-0-7735-9610-8(epdf).– isbn978-0-7735-9611-5(epub) 1. Inuit–Canada–History. 2. Sea ice–Social aspects–Arctic coast (Canada)–History. 3. Climatic changes–Social aspects–Canada, Northern–History. 4. Canada, Northern–Climate–History. 5. Canada, Northern–History. 6. Canada, Northern–Social conditions. 7. Canada, Northern–Environmental conditions–History. I. Title. II. Title: Sikuvut nunguliqtuq. III. Series: McGill-Queen’s native and northern series ; 75 e99.e7w75 2014 971.9004’9712 c2014-902067-8 This book was designed and typeset by studio oneonone in Sabon 10.2/13 Dedicated to the memory of Lucien Ukaliannuk, lld (University of Victoria) Elder-in-Residence of the Akitsiraq Law School and to my mother Betty Wright