OTTOMANS, TURKS AND THE BALKANS OTTOMANS, TURKS AND THE BALKANS Empire Lost, Relations Altered Ebru Boyar Tauris Academic Studies London • New York Published in 2007 by Tauris Academic Studies, an imprint of I.B.Tauris & Co Ltd 6 Salem Road, London W2 4BU 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 www.ibtauris.com In the United States of America and Canada distributed by Palgrave Macmillan a division of St. Martin’s Press, 175 Fifth Avenue, New York NY 10010 Copyright © 2007 Ebru Boyar The right of Ebru Boyar to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted by the author in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patent Act 1988. All rights reserved. Except for brief quotations in a review, this book, or any part thereof, may not be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Library of Ottoman Studies 12 ISBN: 978 1 84511 351 3 A full CIP record for this book is available from the British Library A full CIP record is available from the Library of Congress Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: available Printed and bound in Great Britain by Replika Press Pvt. Ltd From camera-ready copy edited and supplied by the author To my parents, Mediha and Yunus Boyar CONTENTS Notes on Transliteration, Dates and Names ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction 1 1. History-Writing in the Late Ottoman/Early Republican Era 9 2. ‘A Belt of Large Dumplings’: The Definition of the Balkans 29 3. The Representation of the Balkans 42 4. The Balkan Peoples and the Balkan States 72 5. The Multi-Images of the Balkans 82 Conclusion 141 Notes 148 Bibliography 209 Index 237 NOTES ON TRANSLITERATION, DATES AND NAMES All texts in Ottoman Turkish have been transliterated into modern Turkish orthography and no diacritical marks are used. Dates have been given in both Hicri (A.H.) or Mali and Miladi (A.D.). In cases where it is impossible to establish whether the Ottoman date is Hicri or Mali, the Miladi (A.D.) equivalent for both is given, that for Mali being in brackets. Surnames have been given in brackets when the period referred to preceeds the surname law of 1934.