OSCAR WINNER 1939: Best Picture Best Screenplay Best Director Best Colour Cinematography Best Actress Best Art Direction Best Supporting Actress Best Editing TEACHERS’ NOTES The text of Gone With the Wind provides an ideal vehicle with which to address the principal areas of study and key concepts relevant to Media Studies syllabuses at GCSE, A’Level and GNVO Media; Communication and Production (Intermediate and Advanced) as well as studies in popular culture in general. This study guide is structured to focus on institutional context, the text itself and its audiences. Gone With the Wind: Certificate U. Running Time 217 minutes. MAJOR CREDITS FOR GONE WITH TIlE WIND Gone With the Wind 1939 (Selznick) Producer: David 0. Selznick Director: Victor Fleming [George Cukor, Sam Wood, B. Reeves Eason] Screenplay: Sidney Howard Directors of Photography: Ernest HaIler, Ray Rennahan, Wilfred N. Cline Editors: Hal C. Kern, James E. Newcom Music: Max Steiner Art Directors: Lyle Wheeler, William Cameron Menzies Cast: Vivien Leigh, Clark Gable, Olivia de Havilland, Leslie Howard, Hattie Mc Daniel, Thomas Mitchell (Selznick) Oscars 1939: Best Picture Best Director Best Actress (Vivien Leigh) Best Supporting Actress (Hattie McDaniel) Best Screenplay Best Colour Cinematography Best Art Direction 1 Best Editing There was also a Special Award to William Cameron Menzies for outstanding achievement in the use of colour for the enhancement of dramatic mood. David Selznick was also awarded the Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award. Oscar Nominations 1939: Best Actor (Clark Gable) Best Supporting Actress (Olivia de Havilland) Best Original Score Best Sound Best Special Effects INTRODUCTION BY DEREK MALCOLM "Many filmmakers would say that there’s no such thing as a movie capable of shaking the world. But some still attempt to make them. Those who succeed are rare, and the strange thing is that even the lucky ones don’t appear to know they are doing it at the time. In fact, it sometimes takes years to realise what really is a great film or what may have looked wonderful at the time but was just a momentary flourish. Most of the films on this particular list didn’t so much shake the world as become memorable because, when you look back on them, they seem so much better than we may have thought at the time. But memories are short and the opportunity to see the full flowering of cinema history is denied to all but a few. So the list looks a little unbalanced to me, who has been luckier than most in looking further into the past and at world cinema rather than just Hollywood. What we get here are films which were certainly important in their time, and still look good today- movies that have remained in people’s affections ever since they first saw them. If there aren’t really enough from the first two-thirds of cinema history, no matter. It’s good at least to know that some of the greatest directors in the world are represented and that their artistry, often the equivalent of any great playwright, painter, author or composer of the 20th century, continues to he appreciated. Most of these films will live longer than we do". 2 GONE WITH THE WIND You could say that, along with The Wizard of 0z, Casablanca and maybe a Disney or two, this is the film people look at again and again with the most affection. Of course, it was based on Margaret Mitchell’s much-loved novel, but that can’t entirely explain why it stays in people’s sub-conscious. What probably does is the way Hollywood, in its golden years of the late thirties and forties, could make a convincing mountain out of a molehill. Was it the combination of Vivien Leigh and Clark Gable that did it, set as they were against the epic Civil War background? Yes, but the obsessional producer David 0. Selznick, the careful Victor Fleming, really only a skillful jobbing director (who had a nervous breakdown halfway through and had several other more talented filmmakers giving him a helping hand, like George Cukor) and a host of first class professionals, combined to manufacture its apparently timeless appeal. They really can’t make films like this nowadays. They haven’t the confidence nor the tenacity to tell a good story so well, and to hell with history. INTRODUCTION “Forget it, Louis, no Civil War picture ever made a nickel.” Irving Thalherg to Louis B. Mayer, 1936. Could any movie mogul ever have been more wrong’? If the total income for Gone With the Wind were to be adjusted for inflation, it would be considered the most successful film of all time. Its characters, story, music and catch-phrases must surely be the best known of any film. Generations of film and video audiences re-invent Gone With the Wind and make it their own. There can be few films that are openly enjoyed by children, parents and grandparents alike. Who does not know that Rhett Butler says,” Frankly my dear, I don’t give a damn!” and that Scarlett ends the film with the immortal words “Tomorrow is another day”? It is no accident that, in the original designs for the Museum of the Moving Image a central feature was to be the huge red staircase up which Rhett carries Scarlett in their Atlanta mansion. The idea was ultimately rejected as being too costly, but it is significant that this was a film set considered to be recognisable to virtually everyone. 3 A review of Gone With the Wind by Elspeth Grant in the Daily Sketch Wednesday 24th April, 1940: UNDOUBTEDLY THE GREATEST FILM THE CINEMA HAS GIVEN US Yesterday I saw the longest film ever made - David 0. Selznick’s immense picture of Margaret Mitchell’s best seller. It was an experience I shall never forget. For 220 minutes I was spellbound. Acting and presentation combine to give an almost unbelievable impression of reality. The drama of the plot and the beauty of colour hold the attention from beginning to end, and when it is all over you will be hunqry for more. Gone With the Wind will make cinema history. David 0. Selznick ‘s production is a masterpiece. This is undoubtedly the greatest film the cinema has given us to date. I doubt if it will ever be able to give us a finer one. And if ever an actress deserved the undying gratitude of an author, that actress is Vivien Leigh. Never was a heroine of fiction brought more vividly to life than is Scarlett 0’Hara in the person of this lovely younq English actress. Vivien Leigh gives a performance of unrivalled distinction. All Scarlett’s fascination~ fire and ruthlessness, and all of her redeeming indomitable courage are here. This, in fact, is Scarlett 0’Hara. Clark Gable is fine as Rhett Butler, and Leslie Howard brings all his quiet charm to the part of Ashley Wilkes - how exquisitely it is played! Gone With the Wind cost £1,000,000 to make. In my opinion, it is worth every penny of that million. 4 INSTITUTIONAL CONTEXT THE GOLDEN AGE OF THE HOLLYWOOD STUDIO SYSTEM Throughout the 1930’s, 194O’s and early 1950’s, American film production was dominated by a handful of Hollywood studios. The Big Five, or the ‘majors’, were Paramount, MGM, Warner Brothers, Twentieth Century Fox and RKO. They were not just production companies and international distributors of films, but had also developed their own chain of theatres. They dominated the first-run movie market - the film palaces and deluxe downtown theatres in major urban centres where most of the box-office revenues were generated. They controlled the entire movie business, from fllmmaking to exhibition, a system referred to as ‘vertical integration’. Universal, Columbia and United Artists were in the second division of the studio league although, strictly speaking, United Artists was not a studio in its own right, but a distribution company formed in 1919 by Mary Pickford, Douglas Fairbanks, Charlie Chaplin and D.W. Griffiths to enable them to have greater control over the marketing of their films. Finally, there was a group of minor studios, known collectively as ‘Poverty Row’, that specialised in B pictures. Of these, only Republic and Monogram (later, Allied Artists) lasted for any length of time or made any real impression on film history. A fundamental premise of the Hollywood studio system was the need to plan a whole year’s output. A film was not an individual artistic and commercial enterprise, but one part of a whole year’s product. Like any factory, the studio’s goal was to produce a large number of goods of a consistent, dependable quality. The organising principle was ‘division of labour’ - separate departments, each contributing its piece to the whole. David Oliver Selznick was considered a ‘major independent’ producer in the age of the big studios and often saw his position in terms of an epic drama: he was truly a David amongst a gathering of Goliaths. The making of his films was often rife with conflict, thanks to Selznick’s ego and unconventional working methods. He had climbed the executive ranks at MGM, Paramount and RKO, before creating Selznick International Pictures in 1935. While the big studios emphasised efficiency 5 and productivity, Selznick and other major independents, like Samuel Goldwyn and Walt Disney, produced only a few films annually. They were in a class of their own, making prestige pictures that often tested the economic restrictions and creative limits of the studio system which has been frequently criticised for bowing to the demands of quickly produced, formula-bound products. The independent producers also challenged the usual division of labour and hierarchy of authority in the studios. But the so-called independents were closely tied to the studio system, and especially to the integrated majors. They had to borrow principal actors and other personnel, lease production facilities and relied heavily on first-run cinemas. The dependence was not one-sided, however. The studio system needed the flair of the independent producer to cultivate the cultural high-ground in film and keep their cinemas supplied with ‘quality product’. After the birth of Selznick International Pictures (SIP.), its founder stated forcefully, “In the making of good pictures it is essential for a producer to collaborate on every inch of script, to be available for every conference and to go over all details of production so that it is physically impossible for him to give his best efforts to more than a limited number of pictures.” It took SIP five years to deliver ten pictures, but although productivity was down, profits were up. Selznick recognised that by working as an independent in the late 30’s, more money could be made producing one or two big hits each year rather then ten or so A class features and supporting B pictures. This fact was proven clearly enough with Gone With the Wind which retained the title of’ the biggest blockbuster in movie history for over quarter of a century until toppled by The Sound of Music in 1965. It also monopolised the top slot again for 1971 to 1972 after a hugely successful re-release. 6 THE STAR SYSTEM From the 192O’s to the early 1950’s the major studios exerted extremely tight control over the star system, each carefully grooming a stable of stars, strategically placing them in film roles, controlling their ‘private’ lives and creating the publicity necessary to maintain their popularity and keep them in the public gaze. The studio system offered stars, in the words of Bette Davis, ‘the security of a prison because although they were extremely well paid, they were penned in by long-term contracts. Many of the actors resented the fact that they were virtually owned by their studio. Suspension was one of’ the most cruel punishments that the studio bosses meted out to their stars. It meant that anyone who refused to play a particular role was obliged to wait, unpaid, whilst that film was shot and then half that time again. This time penalty was then added to the end of their contract so actors could be trapped for ten or fifteen years working off what was originally only a seven year contract. Gone With the Wind produced the catalyst for the event which many saw as the beginning of the decline of’ the power of the major Hollywood studios. This event was the de Havilland law suit of 1945. Jack Warner had loaned Olivia de Havilland to David Selznick for Gone With the Wind (in which she played Melanie Wilkes), but after she returned to Warners, he kept offering her insignificant roles. She turned them down, so Warner suspended her. She felt that the persistent extension of her contract was unfair practice and she challenged this in the Courts - and won. As a direct result, all future I studio contracts were limited to a maximum of seven consecutive years regardless of any suspensions, and contracts were frequently re-negotiated on a regular basis. Although absent from the screen for the three years of the court case, Olivia de Havilland celebrated her return to the screen - and her new found freedom - with an Oscar-winning performance for Paramount in 'To Each His Own'. Task Imagine that you are David Selznick's manager of promotions. He has asked you to come up with a detailed campaign to promote the stars of Gone With the Wind in either the United States or England. How would you go about it? What differences do you think the campaign could face in either country? 7 The studio system was never so rigid as to justify the criticism of beingtotally a factory production line: there strengths as well as weaknesses in the system. In the chart below write down, the points that you consider to be positive elements that contributed to the success of the Hollywood studio system; in the second column write down its weaknesses and suggestions as to what contributed to its essential decline. Strengths of the Studio System Weaknesses of the Studio System GONE WITH THE WIND -THE FILM TEXT Films are often pigeon-holed into specific genres, seen as particular types of film which can be identified through having a number of common and recognisable elements. These typical characteristics (or conventions, as they are more accurately termed) include settings, characters, situations, dress, decor, locale, themes and values. ROMANTIC MELODRAMA A working definition of what constitutes melodrama is that it is characterised by sensational and romantic plots, strong and often violent appeals to the audience’s emotions, exaggerated characters and happy endings. They 8 frequently have highly polarised moral dimensions and social and moral concepts are personalised. There are distinctive visual modes of expression and the music creates strong emotional effects - it is not just used as background, but is an essential part of the whole structure. Melodrama is considered to be aimed more particularly at a female audience as it presents female desire and a female point of’ view. The heroines are often the equal of and at times superior to, the male characters and are active rather than passive. Gone With the Wind could be considered the epitome of the genre of romantic melodrama. In the space below, list the characteristics of the film that you think distinguish it as a typical romantic melodrama. In the left hand column, a few conventions have been included. Add your own ideas in the spaces that remain. Convention Distinguishing characteristics Settings Characters Situations 9 Discussion Points * Choose another romantic melodrama that you have seen and consider how it compares with Gone With the Wind as an example of the genre. What are the similarities amid differences? * Mlost melodramas conclude with a happy ending, but Gone With The Wind ends inconclusively. What effect do you think that this has on an audience's enjoyment of the film as a whole? * A sequel to the novel of Gone With the Wind called Scarlett, written by Alexandra Ripley. was published in 1991 and has subsequently been turned into a TV mini- series. Neither has had the popular appeal that was expected. Why do you think this is so? TEXTUAL ANALYSIS MISE EN SCÈNE This term, in the original French, means ‘placing in the scene’ or, in theatrical terms, ‘staging the action’. It was first applied to directing stage plays, and then film scholars, extending the term to film direction, used it to describe the control that a director has over what appears in the film frame. This would include the setting, lighting, costume and actions and reactions of the characters. Task Look closely at the opening scene of the film where we see Tara, to the point where Scarlett says, “No! I'm going to wait for Pa to come home from the Wilkeses.” Explain how mise en scène is used to present the character of Scarlett. You should include references to the relative positions of the characters in the frame, Scarlett's costume, the actions and reactions of the characters, body language and tone of voice. Task Choose two short scenes from other parts of the film amid, using the same form of analysis, show how they reflect different aspects of Scarlett's character You may wish to use: 10