í Os Arquivos de L ngua e Cultura JARAWARA–ENGLISH DICTIONARY Alan Vogel ©2016, SIL International Licença Este documento forma parte dos Arquivos de Língua e Cultura do SIL International. É compartilhado 'como-é' a fim de colocar o conteúdo à disposição segundo uma licença de Creative Commons: https://creativecommons.org/lic enses/by-nc-sa/4.0/deed.pt_BR Atribuição-NãoComercial-CompartilharIgual 4.0 ( ). Mais informação em: www.sil.org/resources/language-culture-archives. JARAWARA – ENGLISH DICTIONARY 2016 Online Edition Compiled by Alan Vogel Associação Internacional de Linguística SIL – Brasil Anápolis – GO CONTENTS Page Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 Abbreviations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Jarawara – English Dictionary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 English – Jarawara Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 Appendix: Jarawara Kinship Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333 2 PREFACE This is the second edition of the Jarawara-English dictionary. The first edition was published in 2006, and it likewise was an online edition. The Portuguese edition, in addition to being published online simultaneously with the English edition in 2006 and now, was published originally as a book in 2005. This printed Portuguese edition was intended mainly for Jarawara readers, whereas the online edition is made available for Brazilian linguists and other Brazilians interested in Indian languages. I expect that this English edition will be mostly of interest to linguists. As a result, the introduction is somewhat more technical than that of the Portuguese edition. The entries, however, are the same as those of the revised Portuguese edition, which is being published on the internet at the same time as this one. As is the case with any publication in linguistics, this dictionary owes much to many people. Many of the example sentences are from conversations which I participated in or overheard in Casa Nova village in over 29 years of research and friendship with the Jarawaras. Other examples are from recorded texts, from the following narrators: Okomobi, Siko†, Yowao†, Manoware, Wakari†, Botenawa, Sani, Kakai, Wero, Mioto, Motobi†, Kamo, Bakoki, Amoro†, Kasawara†, Asaka, Kofeno, Bibiri, Soki, and Monira. A good number of these texts were recorded and transcribed by R.M.W. Dixon. Professor Dixon also looked at the dictionary before it was published and offered comments. Besides these, others also helped to transcribe texts and to revise the dictionary: Kakai, Bibiri, Kona Abono, Arimana, Soweo, Yasito, Saiba, Ati Hiwawawi, Mioto, Soki, Eti, Taniyeo, Rosiyano, Hotiriko, Atere, Etiso, and Betiro. I have also used examples from texts written by residents of Água Branca village and published in several collections by JOCUM (Jovens com uma Missão) of Porto Velho, Rondônia. The authors are Ati Hiwawawi, Hiyayane, Awa Nanafire, Ino Howe, Bonita, Rabiwawi, Mioto, Maroka, Kara†, Areri, and Tomasi. Since I am always updating the dictionary, and I revise it periodically, any comments or suggestions are especially appreciated. Alan Vogel [email protected] 3 INTRODUCTION 1. Preliminaries. 1.1. Jarawara and its speakers. 1.2. The goal of the dictionary. 2. Word classes. 2.1. Nouns. 2.2. Possessed nouns. 2.3. Adjectives. 2.4. Verbs. 2.4.1. Morphological verb classes. 2.4.2. Argument structure alternations. 2.4.3. Verbal derivations. 2.4.3.1. Derivational verb prefixes. 2.4.3.1.1. to- 2.4.3.1.2. ka- 2.4.3.1.3. na- ~ niha- 2.4.3.2. Derivational verb suffixes. 2.4.3.2.1. -ri 2.4.3.2.2. -fI 2.4.3.2.3. -rI 2.4.3.2.4. -tima 2.4.3.2.5. -misa 2.4.3.2.6. -risa 2.4.3.2.7. -riwaha 2.4.3.2.8. -basa 2.4.3.2.9. -fara 2.4.3.2.10. -yoma 2.4.3.2.11. -kosa 2.4.3.2.12. -waha 2.4.3.2.13. -kI 2.4.3.2.14. -ma 2.4.3.2.15. -makI 2.4.3.2.16. -witI 2.4.3.2.17. Other possible derivational verb suffixes. 2.4.3.3. Reduplication. 2.4.3.4. Roots and derivations in the dictionary. 2.4.4. Verbal inflection. 2.4.5. Other verb suffixes. 3. Lists of functional words. 3.1. Pronouns. 3.2. Demonstratives. 3.3. Question words. 3.4. Conjunctions. 3.5. Other functional words. 4. The orthography. Bibliography 4 1. Preliminaries. 1.1. Jarawara and its speakers. The approximately 210 Jarawaras live in three larger and about as many smaller villages in the municipality of Lábrea, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil (see maps 1 and 2). They share a reserve with the Jamamadis, and this reserve is contiguous with that of the Banawás. Jarawara, Jamamadi, and Banawá are dialects of a single language, which sometimes is called by linguists Madi. The people themselves do not have a name for their common language, and ethnically the three groups are quite distinct. Madi is a language of the small Arawá family, which also includes Madiha (Kulina), Deni, Sorowahá, and Paumari. Map 1. The area of Lábrea, Brazil. 5 Map 2. The Jarawara-Jamamadi reservation.1 1.2 The goal of the dictionary. This dictionary is intended to be an exposition of the lexicon of Jarawara. It is not a grammar. The person wanting to study the inflectional morphology or the syntax of Jarawara should consult Dixon (2004) and previous papers by Dixon referred to therein; also Vogel (2003, 2009, 2015). Dixon also treats Jarawara phonology in detail, whereas here I only give enough information for the reader to pronounce the entry words. The dictionary also does not seek to teach how to speak Jarawara. For this another kind of book would be necessary, a pedagogical grammar. The dictionary seeks to portray the words of Jarawara as they are actually used by the speakers. In the course of over 29 years of contact with the Jarawaras, I have written down thousands of phrases I have heard in conversations. I have also made sound recordings of many stories narrated by Jarawaras, including both accounts of personal experiences and traditional lore.2 In the hopes of making the dictionary as authentic as possible, I have avoided the use of elicited data. Actually, although in my research I use elicitation regularly to fill in paradigms and to get the names of plants and animals that would not normally come up in conversation, basically I have avoided asking questions such as, "How do you say X?" 1 The official name of the reservation is Terra Indígena Jarawara/Jamamadi/Kanamati. The maps are excerpted from two online IBGE (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística) maps. Map 1 is from the "Mapa escolar do estado do Amazonas" at http://portaldemapas.ibge.gov.br/portal.php#mapa176, and map 2 is from "MME – Lábrea (AM)" at http://portaldemapas.ibge.gov.br/portal.php#mapa100134. The first map has been modified to show the approximate Jarawara-Jamamadi area, and the second map has been modified to show the location of Água Branca village. 2 Some of these texts are available at http://www-01.sil.org/americas/brasil/publcns/ling/JATxtsEn.html. 6 or "Can I say Y?" I don’t believe this method produces reliable results, as I have explained in Vogel (2008). My wife Lucilia and I began living in Casa Nova village in 1987, and when I invited R.M.W. Dixon to research Jarawara in 1991, I had already written my M.A. thesis in 1989, and by this time I also had an unpublished version of this dictionary. But the present version owes much to Dixon’s analyses, and also to the many texts which he recorded and transcribed, and kindly made available to me. Dixon has published a number of articles about Jarawara, culminating in the grammar in 2004. I mostly follow the grammatical terminology Dixon uses. In preparing this dictionary, I have also profited from the unpublished dictionaries of Jamamadi and Banawá. These were kindly made available to me by their respective authors, Robert Campbell and Ernest Buller. In this introduction, I give basic information which the reader needs to use the dictionary.The body of the dictionary has two parts. The main part, which comes first, is the Jarawara-English Dictionary. This part has full information about the lexical words of Jarawara, and there are example sentences for each meaning of each word.3The second part, the English-Jarawara Glossary, is an index of the first part. It is not intended to be a complete English-Jarawara dictionary, and the information on each word is kept to a minimum. After the body of the dictionary there is an appendix with a list of Jarawara kinship terms. 2. Word classes. The word classes that are distinguished in this dictionary are the following: nouns (nf and nm), (inalienably) possessed nouns (pn), verbs (vt, vi, vc, and vd), adjectives (adj), adverbs (adv), interjections (interj), and sound-symbolic expressions (sound). The main classes among these are nouns, possessed nouns, verbs, and adjectives, and I devote a section below to each of these classes.4 I do not say anything more about interjections or sound- symbolic expressions. Interjections express feelings or orders, e.g. hima ‘let’s go!’ An example of a sound-symbolic expression is fofowi, which is the sound of someone whistling. As mentioned above, only words with lexical meaning, and not functional words, are included in the body of the dictionary. Functional words naturally are important for understanding the example sentences, and I discuss them in section 3 and provide lists. 2.1. Nouns. The great majority of nouns have inherent gender, that is, they are masculine or feminine. Feminine nouns are labelled nf and masculine ones nm. There is no morphological marking on the nouns themselves for gender. The gender of a noun is manifested by agreement, sometimes within the NP and especially in the verb. For example, each of the following sentences consists of two words, one noun and one verb. In (1), it is clear that awa 'tree' has feminine gender because the declarative verbal suffix -ke, which agrees with the subject, is feminine.5In contrast, in (2) it is the masculine form -ka of the same declarative suffix that is used, to agree with yome 'dog', which is masculine. 3 The main exceptions to this rule are the names of most plants and those of many animals, which do not have example sentences. 4 The class of adverbs is extremely small, and I discuss these at the end of the section on adjectives. 5 In the interlinear examples in this introduction, the first line is orthographic. The second line gives the morphemic divisions and the underlying forms of the morphemes. The third line gives a gloss for each morpheme, and the fourth line gives a translation of the phrase as a whole. The abbreviations used in the examples and their definitions are as follows: 1 – first person; 1EX – first person plur exclusive; 1IN – first 7 (1) Awa nafike. awa nafi -ke tree.F be big -DECL+F 'The tree is big.' (2) Yome nafika. yome nafi -ka dog.M be big -DECL+M 'The dog is big.' A small number of nouns are labelled nf/nm, usually because their gender depends on the gender of the referent, for example inamatewe 'child', which may have either masculine or feminine gender, depending on whether the child in the context is a boy or a girl. Also, in just a few cases I have used the label nf/nm to indicate that the noun is not uniformly assigned one gender by all Jarawaras, for example katako, the name of a tree species. In addition, there are a few entries where I have just used n, indicating I wasn't able to find out the gender of the particular noun. In Jarawara there are no prefixes or suffixes that derive inherent gender nouns from other nouns or from words of other classes. There are cases of apparent relationships between a noun and a verb, for example the feminine noun katoma 'violent act' and the verb katoma 'be violent with', but with no derivational morphology. It is very common to derive nouns from verbs by means of reduplication, as for example aamo 'bed' from amo na 'sleep'. 2.2. Possessed nouns. There is a restricted set of nouns that are used in the context of inalienable possession, that is, they are inalienably possessed nouns, possessed nouns for short. In contrast to inherent gender nouns, possessed nouns often have their gender marked on them. Following Dixon, I use pn to indicate these possessed nouns, and whenever a possessed noun has a feminine and a masculine form, these are both listed, feminine form first, with two forward slashes between the two forms, e.g. ini//ino 'name'. The feminine form is used for agreeing with a feminine possessor, and the masculine form is used to agree with a masculine possessor. Compare, for example, awa ini 'name of the tree' with yome ino 'name of the dog'. However, not all possessed nouns have two distinct forms. For example, ati//ati 'voice' has only one form, and this is used in all contexts. This is clear in a comparison, for example, of hayo ati 'the sound of the radio' with yome ati 'the voice of the dog'. Even though hayo 'radio' is feminine, whereas yome 'dog' is masculine, the same form of the possessed noun ati 'voice' is used for both. In such cases, instead of having a feminine and a masculine form, I have two tokens of the form separated by the two forward slashes, to make it clear that it is a possessed noun. person plural inclusive; 2 – second person; 3 – third person; ADJNCT – adjunct; ALT – alternative declarative mood marker; AUX – auxiliary; BKG – backgrounding mood marker; CAUS – causative; CH – change-of- state; COMIT – comitative; CONT – constinuous; DECL – declarative mood; DIST – distal; DISTR – distributive; DUP – reduplication; E – eyewitness; F – feminine inherent gender; +F – feminine agreement; FP – far past; FUT – future; HAB – habitual; IMP – imperative; INTENT – intentive; INTERR – interrogative; IP – immediate past; LIST – list construction; M – masculine inherent gender; +M – masculine agreement; N – non- eyewitness; NEG – negative; NFIN – non-finite clause; NOM – nominalized clause; NPQ – noun phrase question; O – object; OC – O-construction; PL – plural; PL.F – plural and feminine; POSS – possessive or possessor; REM – remote; REPORT – reportive; RP – recent past; S – subject; SEC – secondary verb; SG – singular; sp – species. 8 There are a number of complications relating to the forms of possessed nouns that I do not go into in the dictionary, for example a number of irregularities in the forms used when the possessor is first or second person. The interested reader will find full coverage of these details in Dixon's (2004) grammar. Some possessed nouns are in a relationship of derivation with inherent gender nouns. In some cases, the inherent gender form ends with a and the possessed noun ends with something else. We can cite the feminine noun ata 'saying', which is related to the possessed noun ati//ati 'voice'. In other cases, the common noun has the same form as the possessed noun, for example bofe 'ground', which has the same form as bofe//bofe 'area underneath'. There is also a suffix that is used to derive possessed nouns from common nouns or verbs , which has the forms -ri or -rine. Examples are sikirine//sikirine 'white sand', which is derived from the feminine noun siki 'place of white sand', and atori/atori 'decoration', derived from the intransitive verb ato 'be decorated'. A very common phenomenon is the stringing together of possessed nouns to form compounds. An example is tati kone//tati kone 'hair of the head'. In such cases the word is listed in two places in the dictionary, as a subentry of each word that is a part of it. The two listings are not equal, however: I give fuller information in the listing under the first word, including example sentences, and just minimal information in the listing under the second word. In the case of tati kone//tati kone, for example, the fuller listing is found under tati//tati, and a shorter subentry is listed under kone//kone. 2.3. Adjectives. The number of adjectives in Jarawara is very small, and most of the meanings that are expressed by adjectives in other languages are expressed by verbs in Jarawara. For example, there is no adjective in Jarawara that means 'good'. This meaning is expressed by a verb, amosa. In (3), the reason that amosa has tense (immediate eyewitness past) and mood (declarative) is that it is a verb. (3) Kabikana amosarake, kabikana amosa -hara -ke hook.F be good -IP.E+F -DECL+F ta tinaharo. taa ti- na -haaro give 2PL.S- AUX -IP.E+F 'The fishhooks you sold were good.' But Jarawara does have a few adjectives, about a dozen. Most have just a single form, but a minority have feminine and masculine forms. In such cases, I use a single forward slash between the two forms, e.g. one/owa 'other'. This way adjectives may be distinguished from possessed nouns, which have their two forms separated by two slashes. There is also a suffix, -bote 'very', that derives adjectives from nouns. The root tama 'be many' is a verb, but in (4) the word tamabote 'many' is structurally an attributive adjective, not a verb. 9