ORTHOGONAL ALLEGORY: the reality of architectural plan drawing Anton Stuckardt Thesis Mentors: Louis Lüthi, David Bennewith Graphic design department Gerrit Rietveld Academie 2013 INTRODUCTION: MASS, SURFACE, PLAN 2 The floorplan takes a peculiar position in architectural creation. As a notational device, it translates the conception of a built space to a graphical code. The form of an orthogonal projection of a building abolishes the illusion of space, it excludes exactly the elements that are elementary to architectural expression, “light and shade, walls and space.”1 It is a planar medium in which the spatial idea of a building is embodied, but it does not actually represent the body of a building as made of Masses and Surfaces. In the Three Reminders to Architects Le Corbusier defines architectural creation as constituted by three elemental components: Mass, Surface and Plan. “Mass and surface are the elements by which architecture manifests itself. Mass and surface are determined by the plan. The plan is the generator. So much the worse for those who lack imagination!“2 Whereas Mass and Surface exist in and define the built form, the plan, the generator, is not of the same nature, it stands outside of the directly experiencable reality of architecture. It is the device that enables clear translation of an idea into Mass and Surface. PRIMACY OF DRAWING The notion of the architect as authorial figure coevolves with the introduction of notational devices, working drawings, in the 15th century, most notably in the inventions of Leon Battista Alberti. Albertis notational devices gave birth to architecture as an allographic art, separating the architect from the craftsman, the idea from execution. The precise notation enables the identical reproduction of a building even in complete absence of the architect. These processes are still dominating in architectural creation far into the 20th century, though the notion of identicality is increasingly challenged by CAD/CAM (Computer Aided Design/ Manu- facturing) processes. It is thus founded in architectural notation, that a building is seen as the artistic creation of an individual architect in command of drawing, rather than the result of the accumulated knowledge of craftsmen. Through the independence of the architectural discipline, the plans role as generator becomes two-fold, not only does the plan delineate the basic ‘syntax’ of a building, but it also creates a reality on its own, through its allography 3 the plan creates an allegory. Especially in the 20th century, this detachment of the architect’s work from the construction process facilitated a highly abstracted and theoretical development of architecture until the point where building is not even at the base of architecture anymore, where a drawing is equally considered a piece of architecture as e me, a building is. Architecture developed into firstly a reflecive om 987of RRo practice and only secondarily the craft of construction, er, 1Map n of “In order to execute it is necessary to conceive… It is this Krie sio product of the mind, the process of creation, that constitutes Roma Interotta, contribution by Rob architectural competion based on thNolli, each participant proposing a vied on tht plan, not the real city aaafitfdnoihrbreec ucellvnedhhnoeo i idrltaototeeeanafpctc ttdiaitmcitouo uramncrenralshe ne,la i”ttboatn 3aeon.ofdp c fIdatn h thau ru opc rttrgrchhoheihrziipi lsatoeiiein tpasdleci noghct thb phuitscueehtrca re tii2awcelt li0anaei tsflstane o htenrendr ilmocor f .tmte thsesT n,sei x hnauit tneuosturw rrlpaoeaeyorlg s f,i dto ssidoieiiernsniosesn cg kct atowh iirappaueeeltlllri a yniwcssnc eeerchteeeso ea o.aro n tctAnt nnhieh oleewtaayhnc n si ed tegoe e edf - A An by bas to the development of its forms of representation. IMAGINATION AND ALLEGORY 4 In this coevolution, a new meaning comes into existence, which goes beyond the indexicality of the working drawing. In Paul Auster’s New York Trilogy, namely in City of Glass, the detective Paul Auster follows a man, Peter Stillman, through New York. Trying to make sense of his actions, he only discovers when he traces the Stillman’s routes on a map, that Stillman was spelling out a message in the routes he walked, “TOWER OF BABEL”. His walks take on a double reading, together producing an aim: in planar view, they serve as a structure to write out a message, in experienced space, he uses them to collect broken objects, from which he attempts to create a new language, by assigning them new names (as a broken object is not only an object in a different state, but a new entity). Both views, implemeting completely different means of production, stand in an alle- gorical relation, allegory understood as a procedure in which one ‘text’ is read through another. Both texts have an autono- mous narrative and form, though they contain each other. A similar relation applies to the plan and the building, the drawing is not only the basis for the execution of a building and the building that plan executed, both are autonomous in their appropriate format and therefore their relation is not only indexical, but allegorical. In the case of Paul Auster his action becomes the reconstruction of Babel, and his language act (Spelling out Tower of Babel) inscribes Babel in New York as the names he gives to the objects are inscribed into them. Both drawing and building contain each other, but develop a reality on themselves. A shift in the picture plane, as suggested in the reading of city of glass, builds the foundation of both a book, Adjusting Foundations, and a building, the wall house, by the american architect and educator John Hejduk. At the basis of both stands the relation of the work of the still life painter and the architect: “If the painter could by a single transformation take a three- dimensional still life and paint it on a canvas into a natura morta, could it be possible for the architect to take the natura morta of a painting and by a single transformation build it into a still life?”4 5 s e still lif r o m f u e s u M / m k uu de ejus HM n e ohLif B JStill 6 e u In an early sketch of the wall house, the building’s plan is s o H all placed back into a pictorial setting, a landscape, horizon W and sun. The shift in the picture plane thematized in e h dukof t the building is analogously incorporated in the plan drawing, ejh it enables a poetic function of the plan, the plans shape is Hc hn Sket transformed into a flying winged creature, anticipating Joy C Earl Hejduks later rather mystical, religious works on the Angelic. The drawing of a flying creature creates a poetic allegory, a poetic reading of what essentially is a depiction problem, the picture plane. The landscape setting only enables a transcendent meaning that is already incorporated in the form of the plan. “It holds that no single literal meaning can 7 stand alone, but that a valid utterance must possess a transcendent meaning as well, a symbolic surplus beyond the literal level.”5 A plan drawing can never be without literal description, but just as much will it never stand as purely r e ull that, its form of a drawing directly enables a second level. F6 er 94 nstn, 1 THE PLAN AS DEVICE mio kcti ce In 1943, two years after the USA entered the second World Buoj d pr War, Life magazine featured a photographic essay presenting arn ho cxi a new form of projection of a World map, invented by Richard Rima D Dy Buckminster Fuller, the Dymaxion Projection. By projecting the planets surface onto the surface of an icosahedron, Fullers map represents the continents without distortion, as the spherical shape of the planet is approxi- mated in a geometry rather than pictorially distorted. Through the unfolding Fuller introduces a second, even more 8 peculiar aspect to the representation, the planet looses its top and bottom, only different unfoldings of the icoshedron are used in order to emphasize different parts of the world. It was Fuller’s view that given a way to visualize the whole planet with greater accuracy, we humans will be better equipped to address challenges as we face our common future aboard Spaceship Earth. The dymaxion projection therefore is not only an improvement in terms of accuracy of representation, but it stands as an emblem for a de- centralized world order in the birth of globalization. It is a new form of plan as demanded by Le Corbusier, a plan that carries in its form of representation a new societal system: “The great problems of tomorrow, dictated by collective necessities, put the question of “plan” in a new form. Modern life demands, and is waiting for, a new kind of plan, both for the house and for the city”6. More recently, nonrepresentatitional modes of planning and documentation are increasingly taking over architectural production due to rapid developments in CAD Processes. The drylooking algebraization postulated by Le Corbusier has come to a stage where it turns into a pure numerization, where calculus replaces geometry in the phase of planning. As with Buckminster Fullers Dymaxion map, accuracy in documentation of a place changes the mode of thinking about that place. The Dymaxion projection‘s democratic model of a globalized society is replaced by a model of adaptivity to concrete situations inside the social collective. The forms of planning and manufacturing based on numeric variability of plan allow for new methods of massproduction that include individualized variations. Parametric design builds on a framework of conditions which determines the generated geometry by the data given into the system, the concrete space of the building is not authored by the architect, but by his algorithms. This form of planning ena- bles architecture to be in a direct coevolution with other subsystems of society, economy, politics, the mass media, science, as data collected from those can be immediately used in the design process. Le Corbusiers Third Reminder seems to already take into accout this processual way of planning: “A plan is not a pretty thing to be drawn, like 9 a Madonna face; it is an austere abstraction; it is nothing more than an algebrization and a dry-looking thing.”7 At the same time of a development towards an adaptive, nonrepresentational from of production, 3D visualizations and photomontages of buildings take over many of the presentational functions of plan. This, like any change in representational techniques also influences architectural thinking. The attention in representation is shifting towards a state in which the building is assessed primordially in regards to its actual built form, its appearance to a potential spectator. The completely virtual reality of the numerical plan faces a need for simulation of built reality, the experience of a space prevails its syntactical working. Coming back to the example of City of Glass, the concrete action dominates over possible idealistic conceptions. The place of the plan seems to change: it is no longer the plan of walls and spaces but it gets directly informed by a social reality. What gets lost in this process is what John Hejduk calls Architecture in the state of sleep, the plan: a virgin state of potential sensation, not spoiled by actual experience, in which it acquires an inevitability and timelessness. ILLUSION OF THE PLAN Considering the plan as autonomous drawing we will see a network of thicker and thinner lines, textual annotations, geometrical or organic systems, a drawing determined not only by a spatial, but often even more a twodimensional logic inherent to drawing rather than building. The drawing develops parallely to the idea of the building, ideas that are of high clarity in the drawing might not be experiencable as such in the executed space, reversely, a clear spatial configuration might not be understandable as such by the means of drawing. The comparison of two extremes, the gardens of the castle of Versailles and the Acropolis in Athens, can establish an exemple hereof. Whereas the Gardens of Versailles were developed in plan form, on reduced scale, the acropolis presents a configuration of buildings grown over a long period of time, developed largely without notational devices, and without masterplan. 10 6 4 7 1 e, rif g a el D é b b A n, a pl e et pl m o c s e aill s r e V E s n e h At n s i oli p o r k A e h of t g n wi a r d n a Pl F