ORPHEUS AND POWER This page intentionally left blank ORPHEUS AND POWER THE MOVIMENTO NEGRO OF RIO DE JANEIRO AND SaO PAULO, BRAZIL, 1945–1988 Michael George Hanchard PRINCETON UNIVERSITY PRESS PRINCETON, NEW JERSEY COPYRIGHT1994BYPRINCETONUNIVERSITYPRESS PUBLISHEDBYPRINCETONUNIVERSITYPRESS,41WILLIAMSTREET, PRINCETON,NEWJERSEY08540 INTHEUNITEDKINGDOM:PRINCETONUNIVERSITYPRESS, CHICHESTER,WESTSUSSEX ALLRIGHTSRESERVED LIBRARYOFCONGRESSCATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATIONDATA HANCHARD,MICHAELGEORGE ORPHEUSANDPOWER: THEMOVIMENTONEGROOFRIODEJANEIROAND SaOPAULO,BRAZIL,1945–1988/MICHAELGEORGEHANCHARD. P. CM. INCLUDESBIBLIOGRAPHICALREFERENCESANDINDEX. ISBN0-691-03292-0 F2659.A1H36 1994 305.8′00981—DC20 93-38137CIP THISBOOKHASBEENCOMPOSEDINGALLIARD PRINCETONUNIVERSITYPRESSBOOKSAREPRINTED ONACID-FREEPAPER,ANDMEETTHEGUIDELINESFOR PERMANENCEANDDURABILITYOFTHECOMMITTEEON PRODUCTIONGUIDELINESFORBOOKLONGEVITY OFTHECOUNCILONLIBRARYRESOURCES PRINTEDINTHEUNITEDSTATESOFAMERICA 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 For Constance Farquhar MY GRANDMOTHER IN BOTH GOOD TIMES AND BAD This page intentionally left blank CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ix INTRODUCTION 3 PART ONE: RACIAL HEGEMONY ONE RacialPolitics: Terms, Theory, Methodology 13 TWO Brazilian RacialPolitics: An Overview and Reconceptualization 31 THREE RacialDemocracy: Hegemony, Brazilian Style 43 PART TWO: NEGATION AND CONTESTATION FOUR Formations of RacialConsciousness 77 FIVE Movements and Moments 99 SIX RacialPolitics and National Commemorations: The Strugglefor Hegemony 142 SEVEN Conclusion 155 NOTES 169 APPENDIX 189 BIBLIOGRAPHY 191 INDEX 201 This page intentionally left blank ACKNOWLEDGMENTS S EVERAL PEOPLE both in Brazil and the United States greatly aidedmeinunderstandingthesimilaritiesanddissimilaritiesofBra- zil. My dissertation committee, which consisted of professors HenryBienen,KayWarren,andEmiliaViottidaCosta,providedinvalu- able guidance in helping me develop both the form and content of my research.Eachinhisorherownway,helpedmeavoidhistoricalandcon- ceptual errors, in addition to giving moral support. Much thanks to my gangofthree. Discussions with Forrest Colburn, Michael Jimenez, Peter Johnson, Ben Ross Schneider, Stanley Stein, and members of the MacArthur in- terdisciplinary seminar on national conflict also helped sophisticate my thinking about the intersections of race, gender, and national identity. Theircommentsonmywrittenworkalsohelpedmebecomeamorecon- scientiousscholarthanImighthavebeenotherwise.Ialsogainedvaluable insights from Frank Rosengarten, who ledme throughthe intricacies of AntonioGramsci’sethico-politicalstances. Thanksalso to Anani Dzidzienyo, ThomasSkidmore, andtheanony- mousreviewersforPrinceton.Asrigorousbutencouragingreaders,their painstaking critiques of earlier drafts spared me errors of conceptualiza- tionandhistoricalfact.Anentireparagraphbelongstomyprincipalinter- locutor,HowardWinant,withwhomIhavediscussedissuesofracialthe- oryingeneral andBrazilian racerelations inparticularoverthepast five years. A ruthless critic as well as a source of inspiration, Howard, more than any single person, hasmade me realize thatmost scholarship is the implicitresultofacollectiveeffort. In Austin, Texas, I received constructive criticism from Richard Gra- ham, who made incisive comments on an earlier version of this manu- script, which I subsequently incorporated. Amalia Pallares and Shannan Mattiace,myresearchassistants,helpedinthefinalphasesofmanuscript revision,asdidSuzanneColwell.Thankstoallthree. In Rio, Januario Garcia generously allowed me to use the library and otherresourcesattheInstitutodePesquisadasCulturasNegras,andpro- vided key contacts formewithintheblackmovement, asdidJulioCesar de Tavares. It was Paola Alves Vieira who actually introduced me to the numerousworldsoftheCariocaduringmyfirsttriptoBrazilin1985and subsequently in 1988, when she helped me find that apartment in Flamengo.ShealsofrequentlychallengedmyinterpretationsofRio’sra- cial “harmony.” Gisele Mills was quite helpful as a research assistant in 1988,especiallyinsharingwithmehervastknowledgeofAfro-Brazilian