OPTOELECTRONICS - ADVANCED MATERIALS AND DEVICES Edited by Sergei L. Pyshkin and John M. Ballato Optoelectronics - Advanced Materials and Devices http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/3463 Edited by Sergei L. Pyshkin and John M. Ballato Contributors Bruno Ullrich, Z. Xie, J.C. Fan, Meichun Huang, Guijiang Lin, Jingfeng Bi, Minghui Song, Jianqing Liu, Weiping Xiong, Gabriel Bernardo, David Bucknall, Abdelhakim Nafidi, Ayse Turak, Venkatachalam Shanmugam, Jin-Gang Liu, Yuan- Zheng Guo, Hai-Xia Yang, Shiyong Yang, Vladimir G. Krasilenko, Aleksandr Nikolskyy, Alexander Lazarev, Sergei L. Pyshkin, John Ballato, Hiroki Kishikawa, Nobuo Goto, Moises Rivas Lopez, Wendy Flores F., Marc Savanier, Filippo Ghiglieno, Xavier Lafosse, Aristide Lemaître, Ivan Favero, Sara Ducci, Giuseppe Leo, Cécile Ozanam, Loïc Lanco, Ulrich H.P. Fischer-Hirchert, Nibir Dhar, Ashok K Sood, Nuri Emanetoglu, Wang Zhang, Giulia Innocenti Bruni, Florin Stanculescu, Patrice Salzenstein Published by InTech Janeza Trdine 9, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia Copyright © 2013 InTech All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published by InTech, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Iva Lipovic Technical Editor InTech DTP team Cover InTech Design team First published January, 2013 Printed in Croatia A free online edition of this book is available at www.intechopen.com Additional hard copies can be obtained from [email protected] Optoelectronics - Advanced Materials and Devices, Edited by Sergei L. Pyshkin and John M. Ballato p. cm. ISBN 978-953-51-0922-8 free online editions of InTech Books and Journals can be found at www.intechopen.com Contents Preface IX Chapter 1 Advanced Light Emissive Device Structures 1 Sergei L. Pyshkin and John Ballato Chapter 2 ZnO-Based Light-Emitting Diodes 25 J.C. Fan, S.L. Chang and Z. Xie Chapter 3 Technological Challenges for Efficient AlGaAs Nonlinear Sources on Chip 59 M. Savanier, C. Ozanam, F. Ghiglieno, X. Lafosse, A. Lemaître, I. Favero, S. Ducci, G. Leo and L. Lanco Chapter 4 InP/InGaAS Symmetric Gain Optoelectronic Mixers 91 Wang Zhang and Nuri W. Emanetoglu Chapter 5 Preparation and Characterization of Nanostructured TiO2 Thin Films by Hydrothermal and Anodization Methods 115 S. Venkatachalam, H. Hayashi, T. Ebina and H. Nanjo Chapter 6 Correlation Between Band Structure and Magneto- Transport Properties in n-type HgTe/CdTe Two-Dimensional Nanostructure Superlattice. Application to Far-Infrared Detection 137 Abdelhakim Nafidi Chapter 7 Advances in Infrared Detector Array Technology 149 Nibir K. Dhar, Ravi Dat and Ashok K. Sood Chapter 8 Theoretical Analysis of the Spectral Photocurrent Distribution of Semiconductors 191 Bruno Ullrich and Haowen Xi VI Contents Chapter 9 Recent Progress in the Understanding and Manipulation of Morphology in Polymer: Fullerene Photovoltaic Cells 207 Gabriel Bernardo and David G. Bucknall Chapter 10 Dewetting Stability of ITO Surfaces in Organic Optoelectronic Devices 229 Ayse Turak Chapter 11 Organo-Soluble Semi-Alicyclic Polyimides Derived from Substituted-Tetralin Dianhydrides and Aromatic Diamines: Synthesis, Characterization and Potential Applications as Alignment Layer for TFT-LCDs 269 Jin-gang Liu, Yuan-zheng Guo, Hai-xia Yang and Shi-yong Yang Chapter 12 Aromatic Derivatives Based Materials for Optoelectronic Applications 291 Florin Stanculescu and Anca Stanculescu Chapter 13 Optoelectronic Oscillators Phase Noise and Stability Measurements 337 Patrice Salzenstein Chapter 14 Design and Modeling of Optoelectronic Photocurrent Reconfigurable (OPR) Multifunctional Logic Devices (MFLD) as the Universal Circuitry Basis for Advanced Parallel High- Performance Processing 349 Vladimir G. Krasilenko, Aleksandr I. Nikolskyy and Alexander A. Lazarev Chapter 15 All-Optical Autonomous First-in–First-out Buffer Managed with Carrier Sensing of Output Packets 375 Hiroki Kishikawa, Hirotaka Umegae, Yoshitomo Shiramizu, Jiro Oda, Nobuo Goto and Shin-ichiro Yanagiya Chapter 16 A Method and Electronic Device to Detect the Optoelectronic Scanning Signal Energy Centre 391 Moisés Rivas, Wendy Flores, Javier Rivera, Oleg Sergiyenko, Daniel Hernández-Balbuena and Alejandro Sánchez-Bueno Chapter 17 Opto-Electronic Packaging 421 Ulrich H. P. Fischer Contents VII Chapter 18 III-V Multi-Junction Solar Cells 445 Gui jiang Lin, Jingfeng Bi, Minghui Song, Jianqing Liu, Weiping Xiong and Meichun Huang Chapter 19 Use of Optoelectronic Plethysmography in Pulmonary Rehabilitation and Thoracic Surgery 473 Giulia Innocenti Bruni, Francesco Gigliotti and Giorgio Scano Preface Optoelectronics, as the discipline devoted to the study and application of electronic devices that emit, detect, and otherwise control light, has widely proliferated around the world and enabled many of today’s modern conveniences. Despite this ubiquity, new applications and novel optical phenomena continue to drive innovation. Accordingly, there is a need to compile advances and new achievements for specialists and all who are interested. Thus InTech – Open Access Publisher has developed this offering, Optoelectronics – Book II, as the second part of the InTech collection of international works on optoelectronics. As with the first book Optoelectronics - Materials and Techniques, edited by Professor P. Predeep, this book covers recent achievements by specialists around the world. With pleasure we note the growing number of countries participating in this endeavor including Brazil, Canada, China, Egypt, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, Portugal, Romania, Saudi Arabia, South Korea, Taiwan, Ukraine, USA, and Vietnam. Our joint participation in this book and writing of one of its Chapters also testifies to the unifying effect of science. We started this book from the Chapter entitled “Advanced Light Emissive Device Structures” which highlights the progression in properties of a unique collection of aged GaP crystals grown over 50 years ago and now exhibit very interesting optoelectronics features and offer fundamental insights into solid state physics over such time scales. We purposely do not divide the book into separate sections, as I common, because many of the Chapters are devoted to differing aspects of optoelectronics, including materials and their characterization, through device structures and applications. However, we tried to gather chapters of similar theme are together. An interested reader will find in the book the description of properties and applications employing organic and inorganic materials, such as different polymers, oxides and semiconductors, as well as the methods of fabrication and analysis of operation and regions of application of modern optoelectronic devices. X Preface We are grateful to the authors and hope that the contribution of authors and number of participating countries with continue to grow, while optoelectronics itself will be the object in permanent demand to further enhance human quality of life. Editor: Sergei L. Pyshkin Professor, Principal Investigator Institute of Applied Physics Academy of Sciences of Moldova Kishinev, Moldova Adjunct-Professor, Senior Fellow Clemson University South Carolina, USA Co-editor: John M. Ballato Professor, Director Center for Optical Materials Science and Engineering Technologies School of Engineering and Materials Science Clemson University South Carolina, USA