Optimize Contract Law Second Edition Titles in the series: Contract Law Equity and Trusts Land Law Public Law EU Law Tort Law The Optimize series’ academic advisors are: – Michael Bromby, Higher Education Academy Discipline Lead for Law 2011–2013, Reader in Law at Glasgow Caledonian University. ‘The use of visualisation in Optimize will help students to focus on the key issues when revising.’ – Emily Allbon, Senior Lecturer in Law and creator of Lawbore, City University. ‘Partnering well- explained, comprehensive content with visual tools like maps and flowcharts is what makes the Optimize series so unique. These books help students take their learning up a notch; offering support in grappling with the subject, as well as insight into what will help make their work stand out.’ – Sanmeet Kaur Dua, Lecturer in Law, co-c reator of Lawbore, City University. ‘This series sets out the essential concepts and principles that students need to grasp in a logical way by combining memorable visual diagrams and text. Students will find that they will not easily forget what they read in this series as the unique aim higher and interaction points will leave a blueprint in their minds.’ – Zoe Swan, Senior Lecturer in Law, University of Greenwich. ‘The wide range of visual material includes diagrams, charts, tables and maps to enable students to check their knowledge and understanding on each topic area, every step of the way . . . When combined with carefully explained legal principles and solid, understandable examples, students will find this series provides them with a win- win solution to the study of law and developing revision techniques.’ Optimize Contract Law Second Edition Tracey Hough and Kathrin Kühnel-Fitchen Second edition published 2017 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN and by Routledge 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017 Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2017 Tracey Hough and Kathrin Kühnel-Fitchen The right of Tracey Hough and Kathrin Kühnel-Fitchen to be identified as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. First edition published by Routledge 2014 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Hough, Tracey, author. | Kèuhnel-Fitchen, Kathrin, author. Title: Optimize contract law / Tracey Hough, Kathrin Kèuhnel-Fitchen. Description: Second Edition. | Abingdon, Oxon [UK] ; New York : Routledge, 2017. | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016026588 (print) | LCCN 2016026887 (ebook) | ISBN 9781138230262 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781315385822 (eBook) | ISBN 9781315385815 (Web PDF) | ISBN 9781315385808 ( ePub) | ISBN 9781315385792 (Mobipocket) Subjects: LCSH: Contracts–England. Classification: LCC KD1554 .H68 2017 (print) | LCC KD1554 (ebook) | DDC 346.4102/2–dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016026588 ISBN: 978-1-138-23026-2 (pbk) ISBN: 978-1-315-38582-2 (ebk) Typeset in The Sans by Wearset Ltd, Boldon, Tyne and Wear Visit the companion website: www.routledge.com/cw/optimizelawrevision Contents Optimize – Your Blueprint for Exam Success vii Preface ix Guide to Using the Book and the Companion Website xi Table of Cases and Statutes xiii 1 Offer and Acceptance 1 2 Consideration 31 3 Terms 57 4 Misrepresentation 93 5 Mistake 119 6 Duress and Undue Influence 135 7 Illegal Contracts and Contracts in Restraint of Trade 153 8 Discharge of Contract 169 9 Remedies 199 Index 227 This page intentionally left blank Optimize – Your Blueprint for Exam Success Why Optimize? In developing the ‘Optimize’ format, Routledge have spent a lot of time talking to law lecturers and examiners about assessment, teaching and learning, and exam preparation. The aim of our series is to help you make the most of your knowledge to gain good marks – to optimize your revision. Students Students told us that there was a huge amount to learn and that visual features such as diagrams, tables and flowcharts made the law easier to follow. Learning and remembering cases was an area of difficulty, as was applying them in problem questions. Revision guides could make this easier by presenting the law succinctly, showing concepts in a visual format and highlighting how important cases can be applied in assessment. Lecturers Lecturers agreed that visual features were effective to aid learning, but were con- cerned that students learned by rote when using revision guides. To succeed in assessment, they wanted to encourage them to get their teeth into arguments, to support their answers with authority and show they had truly understood the principles underlying their questions. In short, they wanted students to show that they understood how they were assessed on the law, rather than repeating the basic principles. Assessment criteria If you want to do well in exams, it’s important to understand how you will be assessed. In order to get the best out of your exam or essay question, your first port of call should be to make yourself familiar with the marking criteria available from your law school; this will help you to identify and recognise the skills and knowledge you will need to succeed. Like course outlines, assessment criteria can differ from school to school, so if you can get hold of a copy of these criteria, this will be invaluable. To give you a clear idea of what these criteria look like, we’ve collated the most common terms from 64 marking schemes for core curriculum courses in the UK. viii Optimize – Your Blueprint for Exam Success (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:75) (cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74) (cid:40)(cid:89)(cid:76)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:72) (cid:56)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:72)(cid:85)(cid:86)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:71)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:74) (cid:54)(cid:87)(cid:85)(cid:88)(cid:70)(cid:87)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:72) (cid:38)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:36)(cid:85)(cid:74)(cid:88)(cid:80)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87) (cid:44)(cid:81)(cid:70)(cid:82)(cid:85)(cid:83)(cid:85)(cid:82)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81) (cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:36)(cid:50)(cid:85)(cid:83)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:81)(cid:76)(cid:86)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:83)(cid:40)(cid:81)(cid:74)(cid:68)(cid:40)(cid:74)(cid:79)(cid:89)(cid:72)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:80)(cid:88)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:72)(cid:76)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:70)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81) (cid:56)(cid:86)(cid:72) (cid:86)(cid:82)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:70)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:38)(cid:79)(cid:68)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92) (cid:86) (cid:50)(cid:85)(cid:76)(cid:74)(cid:76)(cid:81)(cid:68)(cid:79)(cid:76)(cid:87)(cid:92) (cid:36)(cid:70)(cid:70)(cid:88)(cid:85)(cid:68)(cid:70)(cid:92) (cid:46)(cid:81)(cid:82)(cid:90)(cid:79)(cid:72)(cid:71)(cid:74)(cid:72) (cid:92) (cid:79) (cid:68) (cid:81) (cid:51)(cid:85)(cid:72)(cid:86)(cid:72)(cid:81)(cid:87)(cid:68)(cid:87)(cid:76)(cid:82)(cid:81) (cid:36) Common Assessment Criteria, Routledge Subject Assessment Survey Optimizing the law The format of this ‘Optimize Law’ volume has been developed with these assess- ment criteria and the learning needs of students firmly in mind. ❖ Visual format: Our expert series advisors have brought a wealth of knowledge about visual learning to help us to develop the books’ visual format. ❖ Tailored coverage: Each book is tailored to the needs of your core curriculum course and presents all commonly taught topics. ❖ Assessment led- revision: Our authors are experienced teachers with an interest in how students learn, and they have structured each chapter around revision objectives that relate to the criteria you will be assessed on. ❖ Assessment led- pedagogy: The ‘Aim Higher’, ‘Common Pitfalls’, ‘Up for Debate’ and ‘Case Precedent’ features used in these books are closely linked to common assessment criteria – showing you how to gain the best marks, avoid the worst pitfalls, apply the law and think critically about it. ❖ Putting it into practice: Each chapter presents example essays or problem questions and template answers to show you how to apply what you have learned. Routledge and the ‘Optimize’ team wish you the very best of luck in your exams and essays! Preface We hope that the lively design of this book will make your revision less tedious and that the simple, to the point explanations and carefully designed diagrams will help you to remember the key areas of law. The ‘putting it into practice’ sessions will provide a useful self- test to enable you to check whether you have understood how the key facts are applied to a factual situation. The second edition reflects the law as of 1 June 2016. It has been fully updated and incorporates the changes brought about by the coming into force of the Consumer Rights Act 2015 in relation to both the implication of terms and the statutory control of terms. Furthermore, it also covers the Supreme Court’s decision in Marks & Spencer plc v BNP Paribas Securities Services Trust Co (Jersey) [2015] UKSC 72 regarding the implication of terms in fact and addresses the changes in the area of liquidated damages as a consequence of the Supreme Court’s decision in Cavendish Square Holding BV v Talal El Makdessi/ParkingEye Limited v Beavis [2015] UKSC 67. Tracey Hough Kathrin Kühnel-Fitchen