OPTICAL COATINGS AND THERMAL NOISE IN PRECISION MEASUREMENT Thermalnoisefromopticalcoatingsisagrowingareaofconcern,andovercominglimits to the sensitivity of high-precision measurements by thermal noise is one of the greatest challengesfacedbyexperimentalphysicists. In this timely book, internationally renowned scientists and engineers examine our currenttheoreticalandexperimentalunderstanding.Beginningwiththetheoryofthermal noiseinmirrorsandsubstrates,subsequentchaptersdiscussthetechnologyofdepositing coatingsandstate-of-the-artdielectriccoatingtechniquesusedinprecisionmeasurement. Applicationsandremediesfornoisereductionarealsocovered. Individual chapters are dedicated to specific fields where coating thermal noise is a particular concern, including the areas of quantum optics/optomechanics, gravitational wavedetection,precisiontiming,high-precisionlaserstabilizationviaopticalcavities,and cavityquantumelectrodynamics.Whileprovidingfullmathematicaldetail,thetextavoids field-specificjargon,makingitavaluableresourceforreaderswithvariedbackgroundsin modernoptics. Gregory Harry has worked in the field of gravitational wave detection for over 15 yearsandiscurrentlytheOpticsChairandCoatingCognizantScientistfortheLaserInter- ferometerGravitationalWaveObservatory(LIGO),andProfessoratAmericanUniversity, WashingtonDC.Heisamongstthepioneersofcoatingthermalnoiseresearch. Timothy P. Bodiya isagraduatestudentatthePhysicsDepartmentofMassachusetts InstituteofTechnology.Heisconductingresearchinthefieldofgravitationalwavephysics andquantumoptomechanicswiththegoalofmeasuringquantumeffectsoneveryday-sized objects(gramtokilogramsize). Riccardo DeSalvo is Professor at the University of Sannio in Benevento, Italy. PreviouslyhehasheldthepositionsofSeniorStaffScientistatLIGO,Caltech,Passadena, andthatofStaffScientistatINFNinPisa,Italy.HeisamemberofASME,APS,andSIF andhasauthoredmorethan200refereedpapers. OPTICAL COATINGS AND THERMAL NOISE IN PRECISION MEASUREMENT Editedby GREGORY HARRY AmericanUniversity,WashingtonDC TIMOTHY P. BODIYA MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology and RICCARDO DESALVO Universita´degliStudidelSannio,Benevento,Italy cambridge university press Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown, Singapore,Sa˜oPaulo,Delhi,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericabyCambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107003385 (cid:2)C CambridgeUniversityPress2012 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2012 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationdata Opticalcoatingsandthermalnoiseinprecisionmeasurement/editedbyGregoryM.Harry, TimothyBodiyaandRiccardoDeSalvo. p. cm. Includesbibliographicalreferences. ISBN978-1-107-00338-5(hardback) 1.Opticalcoatings. 2.Quantumoptics. 3.Light–Scattering. 4.Electromagneticwaves–Scattering. I.Harry,GregoryM.,1967– II.Bodiya,TimothyP. III.DeSalvo,Riccardo. TS517.2.O64 2012 621.36–dc23 2011039977 ISBN978-1-107-00338-5Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtoin thispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis, orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Listofcontributors pagevii Foreword xi Preface xiii 1 Theoryofthermalnoiseinopticalmirrors 1 y. levin 2 Coatingtechnology 6 s. chao 3 Compendiumofthermalnoisesinopticalmirrors 20 v. b. braginsky, m. l. gorodetsky, and s. p. vyatchanin 4 Coatingthermalnoise 31 i. martin and s. reid 5 Directmeasurementsofcoatingthermalnoise 55 k. numata 6 Methodsofimprovingthermalnoise 73 s. ballmer and k. somiya 7 Substratethermalnoise 93 s. rowan and i. martin 8 Cryogenics 108 k. numata and k. yamamoto 9 Thermo-opticnoise 129 m. evans and g. ogin 10 Absorptionandthermalissues 145 p. willems, d. j. ottaway, and p. beyersdorf 11 Opticalscatter 163 j. r. smith and m. e. zucker v vi Contents 12 Reflectivityandthicknessoptimization 173 i. m. pinto, m. principe, and r. desalvo 13 Beamshaping 196 a. freise 14 Gravitationalwavedetection 216 d. j. ottaway and s. d. penn 15 High-precisionlaserstabilizationviaopticalcavities 237 m. j. martin and j. ye 16 Quantumoptomechanics 259 g. d. cole and m. aspelmeyer 17 Cavityquantumelectrodynamics 280 t. e. northup References 296 Contributors MarkusAspelmeyer UniversityofVienna,FacultyofPhysics,Boltzmanngasse5,VIENNA1090,Austria StefanBallmer SyracuseUniversity,NewYork,DepartmentofPhysics,SYRACUSE,NY13244,USA PeterBeyersdorf SanJoseStateUniversity,DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,1,WashingtonSquare, SANJOSE,CA95192-0160,USA VladimirB.Braginsky M.V.LomonosovMoscowStateUniversity,FacultyofPhysics,LeninskieGory, MOSCOW119991,Russia ShiuhChao NationalTsingHuaUniversity,InstituteofPhotonicsTechnologies,101KuangfuRd, Sec.2,HSINCHU,Taiwan GarrettD.Cole UniversityofVienna,FacultyofPhysics,Boltzmanngasse5,VIENNA1090,Austria RiccardoDeSalvo Universita´ degliStudidelSannio,ViaPort’Arsa,11,82100Benevento,Italy MatthewEvans MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,LIGOLaboratoryMIT,NW22-295, CAMBRIDGE,MA02139,USA AndreasFreise UniversityofBirmingham,SchoolofPhysicsandAstronomy,Edgbaston, BIRMINGHAMB152TT,UK vii viii Listofcontributors MichaelL.Gorodetsky M.V.Lomonosov,MoscowStateUniversity,FacultyofPhysics,LeninskieGory, MOSCOW119991,Russia YuriLevin LeidenObservatory,NielsBohrweg2,LEIDEN2300RA,TheNetherlands IainMartin UniversityofGlasgow,DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,GLASGOWG128QQ, UK MichaelJ.Martin UniversityofColorado,Boulder,JILA440UCB,BOULDER,CO80309-0440,USA TracyE.Northup Universita¨tInnsbruck,Institutfu¨rExperimentalphysik,Technikerstrasse25/4, INNSBRUCK6020,Austria KenjiNumata NASA-GoddardSpaceFlightCenterCode663,8800GreenbeltRd,GREENBELT,MD 20771,USA GregOgin CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,LIGOLaboratory,MS100-36,Room252BW.Bridge, PASADENA,CA91125,USA DavidJ.Ottaway UniversityofAdelaide,SchoolofChemistryandPhysics,ADELAIDE,SOUTH AUSTRALIA5005,Australia StevenD.Penn HobartandWilliamSmithColleges,DepartmentofPhysics,300PulteneyStreet, GENEVA,NY14456,USA InnocenzoM.Pinto UniversityofSannio,DepartmentofEngineering,CorsoGaribaldi107,Pal.dell’Aquila Bosco-Lucarelli,BENEVENTOI-82100,Italy MariaPrincipe DepartmentofEngineering,CorsoGaribaldi107,Pal.dell’AquilaBosco-Lucarelli, BENEVENTOI-82100,Italy Listofcontributors ix StuartReid UniversityofGlasgow,DepartmentofPhysicsandAstronomy,GLASGOWG128QQ, UK SheilaRowan UniversityofGlasgow,SchoolofPhysicsandAstronomy,GLASGOWG128QQ,UK JoshuaR.Smith CalStateFullerton,DepartmentofPhysics,800NStateCollegeBlvd,FULLERTON,CA 92831,USA KentaroSomiya WasedaInstituteforAdvancedStudy,1-6-1Nishiwaseda,Shinjuku,TOKYO169-8050, Japan SergeyP.Vyatchanin M.V.Lomonosov,MoscowStateUniversity,FacultyofPhysics,LeninskieGory, MOSCOW119991,Russia PhilWillems CaliforniaInstituteofTechnology,LIGOLaboratory,MS18-34,PASADENA,CA 91125,USA KazuhiroYamamoto LeibnizUniversitaetHannover,Max-Planck-InstitutfuerGravitationsphysik, Callinstrasse38,HANNOVERD-30167,Germany JunYe UniversityofColorado,Boulder,JILA440UCB,BOULDER,CO80309-0440,USA MichaelE.Zucker MassachusettsInstituteofTechnology,LIGOLaboratory,NW22-295,185AlbanyStreet, CAMBRIDGE,MA02139,USA