Opportunities for Collaboration Between the United States and Norway in Arctic Research A Workshop Report Arctic Research Consortium of the U.S. (ARCUS) 600 University Avenue, Suite 1 Fairbanks, Alaska, 99709 USA Phone: 907/474-1600 Fax: 907/474-1604 http://www.arcus.org This publication may be cited as: Opportunities for Collaboration Between the United States and Norway in Arctic Research: A Workshop Report. The Arctic Research Consortium of the U.S. (ARCUS), Fairbanks, Alaska, USA. August 2000. 102 pp. This report is published by ARCUS with funding provided by the National Science Founda- tion (NSF) under Cooperative Agreement OPP-9727899. Any opinions, findings, and conclu- sions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the NSF. Table of Contents Executive Summary v Summary of Recommendations viii Chapter 1. Research in Svalbard in a Global Context 1 ii Justification and Process 1 Current Arctic Research in a Global Context 2 Svalbard as a Research Platform 2 Longyearbyen 4 Ny-Ålesund 4 Arctic Research Policy 5 Norwegian Arctic Research Policy 6 U.S. Arctic Research Policy 7 Science Priorities for U.S.-Norwegian Collaboration in Svalbard 7 Multidisciplinary Themes 7 Specific Disciplinary Topics 14 Chapter 2. Research Support Infrastructure 25 Circumpolar Research Infrastructure 25 Svalbard’s Value and Potential 25 Longyearbyen 26 Ny-Ålesund 28 Specific Research Facilities on Svalbard 32 Chapter 3. Recommendations for Investments to Improve Collaborative Opportunities 35 Ny-Ålesund 35 Optical Observatories 36 Rocket Range 36 SOUSY MST Radar 36 Satellite Data Processing 36 Lidar 36 Paleoenvironmental Research 36 Shipping 37 Appendix A: Statement of Cooperation Between Office of Polar Programs National Science Foundation, and Norsk Polarinstitutt 40 Appendix B: Working Group Reports 42 Upper Atmosphere 42 Auroral Research 42 Upper Atmospheric Dynamics and Thermodynamics 44 The TIMED Project 45 Ozone Measurement 45 Lower Atmosphere 46 Trace Gases 46 Clouds, Aerosols, Radiation, and Circulation 50 Oceanography and Geophysics 54 Melting and Freezing of Sea Ice 56 Atlantic Inflow Studies and Interior Variability Mapping 57 Process Studies 57 Science Interests and Questions 58 Regional Climate Simulation—Impact Studies 58 Paleoenvironmental Research 60 Natural Variability 61 Sensitivity of the Arctic 62 Realistic Modeling 62 iii Glacier Mass Balance 62 Interactions Between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic Seas 62 Ice Cores 63 Lake Sediments 63 Marine Sediments 63 Peat 63 Geomorphology 64 Permafrost 64 Historical Records 64 Biology 65 Marine Biogeochemical Cycles and Climate Change 67 Effects of Extreme Environments on Arctic Organisms 68 Population Biology and Genetics 68 Ecotoxicology 68 Social Sciences 69 The Social Construction of Scientific Research in the Arctic 70 Cultural Resource Management and Tourism 70 Historical and Archaeological Research 71 Recommendations 72 Appendix C: Bibliography 73 Appendix D: Agenda of the Svalbard Workshop, 16–19 August 1999 81 Appendix E: Participants, Contributors, and Reviewers 85 Appendix F: Acronym List 91 Acknowledgements 92 Svalbard is the location of some of the most northerly interna- tional research stations in the world. It is easily accessible by regu- larly scheduled commercial airline flights. (Globe by Mountain High Maps, modified by Sue Mitchell; map by Norwegian Polar Institute, 1983.) iv Executive Summary The Svalbard archipelago lies in the high Arctic between 74o and 81o N, midway between mainland Norway and the North Pole. The islands’ abundant wildlife attracted whalers and trap- pers from a number of European nations beginning in the 17th v century. Despite competing claims, the islands remained a no man’s land until the Svalbard Treaty of 1920. The treaty, signed by 42 nations including the U.S., gave sovereignty over the islands to Norway and mandated that they remain demilitarized and that all signatory nations have equal rights to conduct business on Svalbard. Permanent Norwegian and Russian settlements devel- oped on Svalbard in the 20th century to mine coal. Since 1968, major Norwegian and international research efforts have been based in the archipelago. Svalbard is an excel- lent laboratory for studying the environment of the high Arctic because: • Half of Svalbard’s area is now protected asnational park, nature reserve,plant protection reserve, or bird sanctuary. • Svalbard’s location offers access to Fram Strait, glacier fields, and other features that are important to global systems. • It also contains relatively diverse animal and plant communities that are adapted to extreme latitude photoperiod and sea- sonality somewhat decoupled from extreme climate. • Svalbard is the world’s north- ernmost territory with mod- ern research facilities and infrastructure. In 1999, investigators from 14 nations conducted research on Svalbard, primarily based in Labrador Longyearbyen, the main munici- Sea pnaaltiitoyn, aanl bda Nsey -fÅolre rsuesneda,r cahn iinn ttehre- NEWFOUNDLAND natural sciences. The research effort in Svalbard is comple- mented by an educational pro- gram, University Studies on Svalbard (UNIS), a foundation which offers university-level courses in arctic sciences. The Arctic is the first place that climate change is likely to Currents in the North Atlantic. The West Spitsbergen current keeps western be observed. The Arctic is expe- Svalbard considerably warmer than eastern Svalbard. From McCartney, riencing significant change, Curry, and Bezdek, 1996. Opportunities for Cooperation Between the United States and Norway in Arctic Research which will have repercussions far beyond the region. Svalbard lies in the Atlantic portal to the circumarctic regions, at the northern end of the Gulf Stream’s critical ocean/atmosphere heat pump. Shared scientific study of the Svalbard region, in the context of understanding past and present physical processes across the ocean/atmosphere/geosphere/biosphere system, is critical to understanding large climate and geophysical feedbacks on global scales (1996 IPCC Scientific Assessment). Svalbard is also the only readily accessible high-latitude site that underlies almost all geo- physical phenomena triggered by interactions of cosmic particles vi with the Earth’s magnetic field. In addition, like other Arctic re- gions, Svalbard is a “last frontier” for exploration and resource ex- traction, inviting northern engineering and comparative social science research. As two of the eight arctic nations, Norway and the United States are major participants in circumarctic research and have complementary access and capabilities. The two nations have col- laborated on many research projects in the past: The U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) lists approximately 31 funded projects in Svalbard alone, and NSF has funded projects in other parts of the Norwegian Arctic. Other U.S. and Norwegian agen- cies also participate in collaborative research. A multidisciplinary scientific workshop held on Svalbard August 16–19, 1999, provided an opportunity for American and Norwegian investigators to discuss a range of possibilities for enhanced collaborative research. This workshop was initiated to increase U.S./Norwegian collaborations in conducting arctic research and developing and using research infrastructure, col- laborations which had decreased since the development of the European Union. Scientists from the U.S. will benefit from improved circumarctic access opportunities, ice-free ports, and modern logistical facilities at higher latitudes. Scientists from both nations will benefit from shared research goals, integration of findings, and joint use of facili- ties. Before the workshop, U.S. delegates solicited recommen- dations about collaborative research opportunities in Svalbard from their colleagues to provide a broad community perspective to the discussions. The major task for workshop participants was to discuss research needs and priorities and develop recommendations for potential collaboration and strengthened scientific coop- Research in Svalbard includes work with polar bears. Here Dr. Andrew eration on and around Derocher, Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI), tattoos the lip of a polar bear Svalbard. Participants from so that it can be identified if recaptured later. Tattooing is more reliable both countries recognized that than ear tags and other devices that can get lost. Photo by Kit Kovacs and the scope of potential research Christian Lydersen, NPI. topics for U.S./Norwegian Executive Summary collaboration in Svalbard is nec- essarily expansive. The Svalbard region has a long tradition of interdisciplinary research, from studies of the cosmos to the sequestration of carbon in the polar marine food web. Work- shop participants discussed sev- eral multidisciplinary questions appropriate for broader bilat- eral cooperation in Svalbard, in- vii cluding: 1. How will climate change be mediated by ocean processes and what will be the effect on carbon cycles? 2. How are mesoscale atmo- Iceberg in Kongsfjorden (King’s Fjord) near Ny-Ålesund, a major site for spheric circulations and international arctic research. Photo by Dag Hessen. ocean stratification affected by large exchanges of sen- sible and latent heat in the high-latitude North Atlantic? 3. How will climatic changes interact with stratospheric ozone dynamics and UV radiation? 4. How are soil thermal regime, carbon storage, and biological processes affected by climate change? 5. How can we exploit the synergistic co-location of powerful observational facilities of upper atmospheric processes on Svalbard to study how these processes affect consumer, busi- ness, and defense satellite communications? In order to identify specific topics appropriate for U.S./Norwe- gian collaborative research efforts based in Svalbard, working groups were organized into five working groups, addressing studies in upper atmosphere; lower atmosphere; oceanogra- phy and geophysics; paleocli- matology; and biology. Although a formal social sci- ences working group was not organized during the work- shop, the U.S. delegation in- cluded several social scientists who worked with an informal network of international social scientists via e-mail to contrib- ute social sciences recommen- dations to this report. Spring research travel in Svalbard. Photo by Kit Kovacs and Christian Lydersen, NPI. Recommendations Multidisciplinary, international research cannot take place productively without many elements in their proper places: infrastructure, logistics, agreements between govern- ments, funding, innovative ideas and research questions in many disciplines, and collaborative connections between individual researchers. Many recommendations for science priorities and improvements to logistics infrastructure were developed during this workshop and refined dur- ing the review process and are included in this report. A summary of the key science priorities and infrastructure recommendations is included here. Collaboration and Improvements to Infrastructure The United States and Norway should work together to: • Continue and expand the collabora- • Plan and construct a new marine lab tion outlined in the “Statement of in Ny-Ålesund, through international Cooperation Between National Sci- cooperation. ence Foundation Office of Polar • Upgrade outdated remote sensing Programs and Norsk Polarinstitut, facilities and electro-optical systems. September 13, 1999,” included in • Relocate and optimize EISCAT full in Appendix A (page 38). services. • Establish a dedicated U.S. research • Upgrade SOUSY magnetosphere/ station at Ny-Ålesund, including stratosphere/troposphere radar on laboratory and storage space, neces- Svalbard. sary transportation and safety equip- • Establish a rocket launching facility ment for fieldwork, and permanent at Ny-Ålesund. staff to fulfill sampling and data col- • Develop methods to improve safe, lection needs. expeditious, and cost-effective ship- • Negotiate access for the USCG ping for scientific equipment, sup- Healy to perform work in the plies, and samples to and from Svalbard area, with ship time avail- Svalbard. able on a regular, expanded basis. Research Opportunities • Extend the field measurements of cloud-radia- in Svalbard tive interaction to an arctic region in which surface fluxes are much larger than in the General SHEBA region and in which cloud-radiative • Synthesize research information on a interactions may be quite different from those circumarctic scale in the central Arctic • Study cloud chemistry and meridonal flux of The Changing Environment contaminates along with vertical profiling of • Implement a regional climate model for im- the atmosphere for study of climate and the proving environmental management of the carbon cycle Svalbard area • Measure sea ice and ozone depletion trace • Study atmospheric contaminants, including gases using remote sensing and surface and persistent or toxic industrial compounds and aircraft-based measurements pesticides, in snow and ice as in Canada; • Study surface fluxes at marginal ice zones • Investigate lipid metabolism in arctic food • Expand programs for study of geophysical webs and its consequences for the transfer phenomena, including the auroral oval and accumulation of persistent and toxic or- • Study satellite communications and air density ganic compounds changes that contribute to satellite orbital decay Paleoenvironmental Studies • Investigate meridonal transport of natural • Extract high-resolution paleoclimate informa- and man-made constituents and environmen- tion from marginal ice zones and shelves via tal meteorological effects (stratospheric longer sediment records, which will lead to warming) the further development of proxies for sea • Use radar and optical methods to study arctic ice, glacial, and meltwater variability from summer mesophere phenomena sedimentary and paleobiological records • Analyze remote sensing data from SVALSAT • Continue glaciological and tide-water geologi- in real time cal/oceanographic studies; measure sediment • Study ozone concentrations and spatial vari- flux rates from different environments to help ability through long polar night understand the stratigraphic record and quantify modern process studies, along with Oceanography the role of subglacial processes on past events • Determine the long-term variability of trans- of paleoclimatic significance. Such work pro- port and water properties in Fram Strait vides opportunities for remote sensing of ice • Examine the effect on the Arctic Ocean of flow and glacier dynamics variability in Fram Strait transport and water • Study ice core records from high-precipitation properties, including possible feedbacks to areas to evaluate late glacial/Holocene lower latitudes change for comparisons with Greenland and • Determine the role of Fram Strait in bio- the Canadian Arctic geochemical budgets of the Arctic Ocean, • Extrapolate shallow slope studies via programs including their sensitivity to variability in the similar to SCICEX, using ship-borne and subma- strait rine vehicles and geophysical instrumentation • Investigate selected fjords and shelf regions in Svalbard as models for important processes Atmospheric Sciences on high-latitude shelves, including convec- • Seek to understand the physics of air-sea-ice tion, the flux and transformation of carbon, interactions, especially the importance of the nutrient cycling and primary productivity, and West Spitsbergen Current and the historical the role of terrestrial fluxes and ice on marine fluctuations in the Arctic Oscillation and productivity North Atlantic Oscillation