FRAZER, ELIZABETH, D.M.A. Ophelia as Archetype: Jake Heggie’s Songs and Sonnets to Ophelia. (2012) Directed by Dr. Carla LeFevre. 55 pp. The character Ophelia has captured humanity’s imagination for centuries. In Shakespeare’s Hamlet, her role, although small, was instrumental as the title character’s erstwhile girlfriend who goes mad. Ophelia remains relevant in modern culture, whether it be in Natalie Merchant’s pop CD title Ophelia or in Jake Heggie’s Songs and Sonnets to Ophelia. This paper demonstrates why a 21st century audience can still relate to and identify with Ophelia. The reader will learn why and how Ophelia’s image has transformed over the last 400 years through a brief discussion of Carl Jung’s archetypal theories, and examples of images of Ophelia in artwork since the 1700’s. Further discussion will reveal how Jake Heggie, with his careful choice of poet and of poetry, and use of compositional techniques was able to personify the archetypes that Ophelia has represented through the centuries in his 1999 composition, Songs and Sonnets to Ophelia. OPHELIA AS ARCHETYPE: JAKE HEGGIE’S SONGS AND SONETS TO OPHELIA by Elizabeth Frazer A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Musical Arts Greensboro 2012 Approved by Committee Chair APPROVAL PAGE This dissertation has been approved by the following committee of the Faculty of The Graduate School at The University of North Carolina at Greensboro. Committee Chair Committee Members Date of Acceptance by Committee Date of Final Oral Examination ii PREFACE There is a willow grows aslant at brook, That shows his hoar leaves in the glassy stream. There with fantastic garlands did she come Of crowflowers, nettles, daisies, and long purples, That liberal shepherds give a grosser name, But our cold maids do dead men’s fingers call them. There are pendant boughs her coronet weeds Clamb’ring to hang, en envious sliver broke, When down her weedy trophies and herself Fell in the weeping brook. Her clothes spread wide And, mermaid-like, awhile they bore her up; Which time she chaunted snatches of old tunes, As one incapable of her own distress, Or like a creature native and indued Unto that element; but long it could not be Till that her garments, heavy their drink, Pull’d the poor wretch from her melodious lay To muddy death. —Queen Gertrude Hamlet, Act IV, Scene VII iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 1 Jung’s Archetypal Theories ........................................................................ 3 II. OPHELIA’S HISTORY ....................................................................................... 7 Ophelia’s Story ........................................................................................... 7 Ophelia’s Universality ................................................................................ 9 III. SONGS AND SONNETS TO OPHELIA: THE POETS ..................................... 17 Jake Heggie ............................................................................................... 17 Edna St. Vincent Millay ............................................................................ 18 IV. SONGS AND SONNETS TO OPHELIA: THE POETRY AND SONGS .......... 22 Introduction ............................................................................................... 22 Song 1. Ophelia’s Song ................................................................. 23 Song 2. Women Have Loved Before ............................................ 28 Song 3. Not In A Silver Casket ..................................................... 34 Song 4. Spring ............................................................................... 38 V. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................. 44 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................................................................................. 46 APPENDIX A. PERMISSION TO USE EXCERPTS ..................................................... 49 APPENDIX B. MOTIFS ................................................................................................. 50 APPENDIX C. IMAGES OF OPHELIA: LIST OF PAINTINGS DISCUSSED IN THE TEXT ............................................................ 54 APPENDIX D. JAKE HEGGIE RECORDINGS ........................................................... 55 iv 1 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The character of Ophelia has captured imaginations for centuries. Although her role in Shakespeare’s Hamlet is small, it is significant, as this unimportant maiden from a play of the turn of the 17th century still captivates humanity hundreds of years later. Ophelia’s universality may be attributed to Shakespeare’s genius for representation, or it may be that individuals have assigned their own meanings and values to the character Ophelia. But who is Ophelia? Why is she still relevant to 21st century audiences? Ophelia’s relevance has changed to take on new meaning with the passing centuries because she is a literary manifestation of an archetype: an ancient image or representation stored in the human psyche. According to Carl Jung, the eminent analytic psychologist from the early and mid-20th century, archetypes are recurring patterns or motifs that rest in the collective unconscious. Although these patterns exist at the unconscious level, one recognizes them on a conscious level where the interpretations can be highly diverse because of individual and cultural inferences or variances. In her book, The Myth and Madness of Ophelia, Carol Solomon Kiefer states, “The archetype, which Shakespeare captured so memorably in his Ophelia, never seems to struggle for relevance, so willingly does it adapt to changes of time, place and ideology.”1 In the eras since Ophelia’s premiere, perceptions of her have changed with 1 Carol Solomon Kiefer, “The Myth and Madness of Ophelia.” In The Myth and Madness of Ophelia, edited by Carol Solomon Kiefer, 38. Amherst: Mead Art Museum, 2001. 2 the evolving aesthetics and attitudes towards women and madness. The morphing of this female archetype can be traced through portrayals of Ophelia, whose myriad images reveal much about the cultures from which they originate. The underlying archetype of Ophelia as the innocent maiden driven mad has remained throughout the ages. The original archetype has grown and merged with others, such as the child, the heroine, the temptress and later the femme fatale, and death and rebirth through water. Cultural shifts in attitudes toward women have made the waif-like woman of the Hamlet version somewhat more complicated than she originally appeared. In 1999 Jake Heggie composed Songs and Sonnets to Ophelia, a set of four songs for soprano and piano that evoke Ophelia’s legend. He chose not to use the texts from Ophelia’s mad scenes, which is the norm in songs about Ophelia; he instead used poems that create a loose narrative reflecting Ophelia’s story by using a poem of his own as well as three poems by Edna St. Vincent Millay. The choice of Millay’s poetry and Heggie’s compositional techniques combine to create a personification of Ophelia, her madness, and the archetypes she symbolizes. The following discussion includes (a) a brief presentation of Jung’s archetypal theories; (b) the ways in which representations of Ophelia and her universality through the centuries can be understood through these theories; (c) the significance of Heggie’s choice of poetry; and (d) an analysis of compositional techniques used by Heggie to characterize Ophelia’s archetypes. 3 Jung’s Archetypal Theories To appreciate Ophelia’s history as archetype, one must understand Carl Jung’s theories on archetypes and the collective unconscious. According to Jung, humans share a collection of universal images or archetypes in a collective unconscious. He believed that all humans become heirs at birth to the same latent psychic information that is shared with all of humanity through all of time. According to Jungian theory, humans are born with the collective unconscious fully intact “…with the universal images that have existed since the remotest times.”2 The collective unconscious “is not individual but universal; in contrast to the personal psyche, it has contents…that are more or less the same everywhere and in all individuals. It is, in other words, identical in all men.”3 The collective unconscious is in contrast to the personal unconscious that contains “feeling- toned” information that does not begin developing until birth.4 Jung hypothesized that the contents of the collective unconscious are archetypes, or primordial images, and that they are patterns of humanity represented by a character or image. He believed that archetypes are manifested in works of art, religion, dreams, myth and fairy tales. If one considers this in terms of Plato’s Theory of Forms, archetypes are “ideal forms,” or true essences, of these patterns of humanity. Just as the true forms of Plato’s theory exist on another plane and outside of humanity’s consciousness, archetypes 2 Carl Gustav Jung, “Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious.” In The Archetypes of the Collective Unconscious, eds. Sir Herbert Read, Michael Fordham, Gerald Alder and William McGuire, trans RHC Hull, 2nd ed., 3-4. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1969. 3 Ibid, 5. 4 Ibid, 4. 4 never can be fully realized in the consciousness; thus, humans have created characters that represent the patterns. Jung felt that humans live in societies suffering from an impoverishment of symbols, due partially to the breakdown of religious symbolism resulting from advancements in science. He postulated that humans crave the mystery these symbols once held because “it is only the things we don’t understand that have any meaning.”5 Ironically, this would mean that once a symbol is fully understood, or once it loses its mystery, it loses its fascination. Ophelia’s character in the play is neutral enough to keep her shrouded in mystery and to allow for countless reinventions. These images are also sought because they are part of humanity’s psychic structure and represent “real but invisible roots” of human consciousness. 6 Jung believed that archetypes show themselves in human behavior patterns, and since humans relate to certain archetypal patterns, they can superimpose, or project, what they need to see onto neutral characters like Ophelia. The understanding and interpretation of archetypes is one way to find a connection to the eternal, the divine; they remind us that we are not alone and can connect us to the struggles of all humanity. Examples of this kind of search for past connections and links to the divine can be seen in modern day ancestral searches done through DNA testing, in religious quests, and in the search for a homeland—something to which one can “belong.” Jung described the appeal of archetypes this way: 5 Ibid, 8. 6 Ibid, 160. 5 The moment when the mythological situation appears is always characterized by a peculiar emotional intensity; it is as though chords in us were touched which had never resounded before or as though forces were unchained whose existence we never dreamed . . . At such moments we are no longer individuals, but the race, the voice of all mankind resounds in us . . . it calls up a stronger voice than our own.7 Jung proposed that archetypes progress forward through time into “modern dress” with each culture’s new interpretations.8 For example, the archetypal image of “Temptress” was commonly associated with mythological characters like Sirens or Naiads in ancient Greek mythology, whereas today people are more familiar with the femme fatale image seen in modern cinema. The representative image has changed but the meaning, or the ideal form, of the archetype has stayed the same. Claire Douglas explicates Jung’s theory of the evolving representations of archetypes further in her book, The Woman in the Mirror: Analytical Psychology and the Feminine: . . . the outward mode of presentation [of the archetype] and the value accorded it are subject to the vagaries of a particular time and culture, to individual experience, and to all the varying interpretations of the conscious mind. Thus, though the archetype itself is unchanging and eternal, its manifestations can reflect the prejudices of the time. [emphasis added]9 Archetypes can be understood only by peering through the lens of a particular culture combined with the unique nuances that each individual brings to the analysis. This 7 Albert Rothenberg and Carl R. Hausmann, eds. “Carl Jung’s Essay: On the Reaction of Analytic Psychology to Poetic Art.” In The Creativity Question, 125-126. Durham: Duke University Press, 1976. 8 Ibid, 160. 9 Douglas, The Woman in the Mirror, 59-60.