Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery This page intentionally left blank Operative Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery SECOND EDITION John D. Langdon Emeritus Professor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, King‘s College London, UK Mohan F. Patel Consultant Surgeon, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading, UK Robert A. Ord Professor, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Baltimore College of Dental Surgery, Baltimore, Maryland, USA Peter A. Brennan Consultant Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeon, Honorary Professor of Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Queen Alexandra Hospital, Portsmouth, UK First published in Great Britain in 1998 by Chapman and Hall. This second edition published in 2009by Hodder Arnold, an imprint of Hodder Education,an Hachette UK Company, 338 Euston Road, London NW1 3BH http://www.hodderarnold.com © 2011 Hodder & Stoughton Limited All rights reserved. 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Typeset in 10 on 12 pt Minionby Phoenix Photosetting, Chatham, Kent Printed and bound in Italyby Printer Trento What do you think about this book? Or any other Hodder Arnold title? Please visit our website: www.hodderarnold.com Dedication To Paul, Jane, Sue and Rachel, and to colleagues and trainees: past, present and future. This page intentionally left blank Contents Contributors xi Foreword xv Preface xvii List of abbreviations used xix PART ONE: DIAGNOSTIC INVESTIGATIONS 1.1 Imaging techniques, including computed tomography-guided biopsy and FDG-PET 3 Stephen Connor 1.2 Ultrasound imaging, including ultrasound-guided biopsy 17 Rachel Oeppen and Rhodri Evans 1.3 Surgical and other investigations 25 Julia Woolgar 1.4 Fine needle aspiration biopsy 33 Matthias AW Merkx 1.5 Three-dimensional imaging 37 Ashraf F Ayoub PART TWO: ORAL SURGERY 2.1 Tooth extraction 47 Cathy Bryant 2.2 Removal of unerupted teeth 59 James Swift 2.3 Nerve injuries and repair 63 John Zuniga and Andrew Tay 2.4 Surgical endodontics 71 Helen Spencer 2.5 Benign cysts of the face and jaws 75 Joseph Helman 2.6 Basic implantology: An American perspective 79 Jaime Brahim 2.7 Adjunctive office-based techniques for bone augmentation in oral implantology: An American perspective 85 Gary Warburton 2.8 Basic and advanced implantology: A European perspective 95 John Cawood 2.9 Major preprosthetic surgery, incorporating implants 107 Eugene Keller 2.10 Craniofacial implantology 119 Greg Boyes-Varley and Dale Howes 2.11 Tissue engineering 137 Miller H Smith, Kenji Izumi and Stephen E Feinberg viii Contents PART THREE: SURGICAL TECHNIQUES 3.1 Emergency procedures 149 David Macpherson and Clive Pratt 3.2 Intraoral flaps and skin grafting 159 John Carter 3.3 Pectoralis major 169 Andrew Lyons 3.4 Reconstructive surgery – harvesting, skin mucosa and cartilage 173 Peter Ward Booth 3.5 Microvascular surgery – principles 187 Cyrus Kerawala 3.6 Radial forearm flap 195 Andrew E Brown and Christopher M Avery 3.7 Scapular and parascapular flap (with or without bone) 201 Xin Peng, Chi Mao and Guang-yan Yu 3.8 Rectus abdominis 205 Xin Peng, Chi Mao and Guang-yan Yu 3.9 Latissimus dorsi 209 Andrew Baker 3.10 Anterolateral thigh flap 215 Andrew Lyons 3.11 Gracilis flap 223 Henning Schliephake 3.12 Fibular flap 229 Peter Brennan and André Eckardt 3.13 Vascularized iliac crest grafts 235 Andrew Lyons 3.14 Facial Reanimation 243 Henning Schliephake 3.15 The use of lasers –general principles 249 Madanagopalan Ethunandan 3.16 The use of lasers –photodynamic therapy 253 Colin Hopper PART FOUR: MALIGNANT DISEASE OF THE MOUTH AND JAW 4.1 Assessment and principles of management 259 Peter A Brennan 4.2 Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy 267 Susannah Green and Pradeep Bhandari 4.3 Oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma: Pathological assessment of resection specimens and neck dissections 273 Julia Woolgar 4.4 Access surgery 279 Barrie Evans and Dorothy Lang 4.5 Excision of skin lesions and orbital and nasal reconstruction 291 Bruce B Horswell 4.6 Local resection and reconstruction of oral carcinomas and lip cancer 307 Robert A Ord 4.7 Jaw resection 317 James S Brown 4.8 Orbital resection and reconstruction 327 Alexander D Rapidis 4.9 Neck dissection 341 Peter A Brennan 4.10 Sentinel node biopsy 349 Moni Abraham Kuriakose and Nirav Pravin Trivedi Contents ix 4.11 Tumours of the skull base 355 Dorothy A Lang and Barrie T Evans PART FIVE: SALIVARY AND THYROID SURGERY 5.1 Submandibular, sublingual and minor salivary gland surgery 365 John D Langdon 5.2 Management of stones and strictures and interventional sialography 379 Michael P Escudier and Jacqui E Brown 5.3 Parotid surgery 389 John D Langdon 5.4 Extracapsular dissection 401 Mark McGurk and Luke Cascarini 5.5 Thyroidectomy, cysts of the thyroglossal duct tract and ectopic thyroid 405 Eric J Dierks PART SIX: VASCULAR LESIONS 6.1 Treatment techniques, surgery and sclerosants 417 Maria E Papadaki and Leonard B Kaban 6.2 Interventional radiology of the head and neck 433 John S Millar PART SEVEN: TRAUMA 7.1 Assessment and initial management 445 Mohan F Patel 7.2 Contemporary maxillofacial fixation techniques 453 Domenick P Coletti 7.3 Soft tissue injuries 463 Suhail K Mithani and Eduardo D Rodriguez 7.4 Dentoalveolar trauma 475 Bernard J Costello and Brian Martin 7.5 Mandibular fractures 479 Michael Perry 7.6 Management of condylar fractures, including endoscopic reduction 487 Roger Currie 7.7 Middle third fractures 493 Joe McManners, Jeremy McMahon and Ian Holland 7.8 Orbital trauma 503 Michael Williams 7.9 Craniofacial trauma, including management of frontal sinus and nasoethmoidal injuries 513 Robert P Bentley 7.10 Zygomatic fractures 531 Michael Perry PART EIGHT: TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT 8.1 Temporomandibular joint arthroscopy 543 Joseph McCain and King Kim 8.2 Surgery to the temporomandibular joint 553 George Dimitroulis 8.3 Treatment of temporomandibular joint ankylosis 567 Andrew J Sidebottom and Robert Hensher 8.4 Total prosthetic replacement of the temporomandibular joint 573 Andrew J Sidebottom and Robert Hensher