SIXTH EDITION Operational Amplifiers and Linear Integrated Circuits Robert F. Coughlin Wentworth Institute of Technology Frederick F. Driscoll Wentworth Institute of Technology Prentice IIall Upper Saddle River, New Jersey Colwnbus, Ohio Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Coughlin, Robert F. Operational amplifiers and linear integrated circuits / Robert E Coughlin, Frederick E Driscoll. - 6th ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-13-014991-8 I. Operational amplifiers. 2. Linear integrated circuits. \. Driscoll, Frederick E, II. Title. TK7871.S8.06C68 200 I 621.38IS-dc21 00-040633 CIP Vice President and Publisher: Dave Garza Editor in Chief: Stephen Helba Acquisitions Editor: Scott J. Sambucci Production Editor: Rex Davidson Design Coordinator: Karrie Converse-Jones Cover Designer: Thomas Mack Cover art: Marjory Dressler Production Manager: Pat Tonneman Marketing Manager: Ben Leonard This book was set in Times Roman by York Graphic Services, Inc. It was printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley & Sons Company. The cover was printed by Phoenix Color Corp. Copyright © 2001, 1998, 1991, 1987, 1982, 1977 by Prentice-Hall, Inc., Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America This publication is pro tected by Copyright and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited re production, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department. -- . Prentice Hall 10 9 8 7 6 ISBN: 0-13-014991-8 To Our Partners in Ballroom Dancing and Our Lifetime Partners, Barbara and Jean As We Grow Older We Grow Closer Contents PREFACE xxv 1 INTRODUCTION TO OP AMPS 1 Learning Objectives 1 1-0 Introduction 2 1-1 Is There Still a Need for Analog Circuitry? 2 1-1.1 Analog and Digital Systems. 2 1-1.2 Op Amp Development, 3 1-1.3 Op Amps Become Specialized, 3 1-2 741 General-Purpose Op Amp 4 1-2.1 Circuit Symbol and Terminals, 4 1-2.2 Simplified Internal Circuitry of a General-Purpose Op Amp, 5 v vi Contents 1-2.3 Input Stage-Differential Amplifier, 6 1-2.4 Intermediate Stage-Level Shifter, 6 1-2.5 Output Stage-Push-Pull, 6 1-3 Packaging and Pinouts 7 1-3.1 Packaging, 7 1-3.2 Combining Symbol and Pinout, 8 1-4 How to Identify or Order an Op Amp 9 1-4.1 The Identification Code, 9 1-4.2 Order Number Example, 10 1-5 Second Sources 10 1-6 Breadboarding Op Amp Circuits 11 1-6.1 The Power Supply, 11 1-6.2 Breadboarding Suggestions, 1 I Problems 12 2 FIRST EXPERIENCES WITH AN OP AMP 13 Learning Objectives 13 2-0 Introduction 14 2-1 Op Amp Terminals 14 2-1.1 Power Supply Terminals, 15 2-1.2 Output Terminal, 16 2-1.3 Input Terminals, i6 2-i.4 Input Bias Currents and Offset Voltage, 17 2-2 Open-Loop Voltage Gain 18 2-2.1 Definition, J8 2-2.2 Differential Input Voltage, Eel> 18 2-2.3 Conclusions, 19 2-3 Zero-Crossing Detectors 20 2-3.1 Noninverting Zero-Crossing Detector, 20 2-3.2 inverting Zero-Crossing Detector. 21 2-4 Positive- and Negative-Voltage-Level Detectors 21 2-4.1 Positive-Level Detectors, 21 2-4.2 Negative-Level Detectors, 21 2-5 Typical Applications of Voltage-Level Detectors 21 2-5.1 Adjustable Reference Voltage, 21 Contents vii 2-5.2 Sound-Activated Switch, 22 2-5.3 Light Column Voltmeter, 24 2-5.4 Smoke Detector, 26 2-6 Voltage Reference ICs 27 2 -6.1 Introduction, 27 2-6.2 Ref-02, 27 2-6.3 Ref-021V0ltage Level Detector Applications, 27 2-7 Signal Processing with Voltage-Level Detectors 29 2-7.1 Introduction, 29 2-7.2 Sine-to-Square Wave Converter, 29 2-7.3 Sawtooth-to-Pulse Wave Converter, 29 2-7.4 Quad Voltage Comparator, LM339, 30 2-8 Computer Interfacing with Voltage-Level Detectors 32 2-8.1 Introduction, 32 2-8.2 Pulse-Width Modulator, Noninverting, 33 2-8.3 Inverting and Noninverting Pulse-Width Modulators, 35 2-9 A Pulse-Width Modulator Interface to a Microcontroller 37 2-10 Op Amp Comparator Circuit Simulation 38 2-10.1 Introduction, 38 2-10.2 Creating, Initializing, and Simulating a Circuit, 38 Problems 41 3 INVERTING AND NON INVERTING AMPLIFIERS 44 Learning Objectives 44 3-0 Introduction 45 3-1 The Inverting Amplifier 45 3-1.1 Introduction, 45 3-1.2 Positive Voltage Applied to the Inverting Input, 45 3-1.3 Load and Output Currents, 47 3-1.4 Negative Voltage Applied to the Inverting Input, 48 3-1.5 Voltage Applied to the Inverting Input, 49 3-1.6 Design Procedure, 51 3-1.7 Analysis Procedure, 51 3-2 Inverting Adder and Audio Mixer 52 3-2.1 Inverting Adder, 52 3-2.2 Audio Mixer, 53 3-2.3 DC Offsetting an AC Signal, 53 viii Contents 3-3 Multichannel Amplifier 55 3-3.1 The Needfor a Multichannel Amplifier, 55 3-3.2 Circuit Analysis, 55 3-3.3 Design Procedure, 56 3-4 Inverting Averaging Amplifier 56 3-5 Noninverting Amplifier 57 3-5.i Circuit Analysis, 57 3-5.2 Design Procedure, 59 3-6 Voltage Follower 61 3-6.1 Introduction, 61 3-6.2 Using the Voltage Follower, 62 3-7 The "Ideal" Voltage Source 64 3-7.1 Definition and Awareness, 64 3-7.2 The Unrecognized Ideal Voltage Source, 64 3-7.3 The Practical Ideal Voltage Source, 65 3-7.4 Precise Voltage Sources, 66 3-8 Noninverting Adder 66 3-9 Single-Supply Operation 67 3-10 Difference Amplifiers 69 3-10.1 The Subtractor, 70 3-10.2 Inverting-Noninverting Amplifier, 71 3-11 Designing a Signal Conditioning Circuit 71 3-12 PSpice Simulation 76 3-12.1 Inverting Amplifier-DC Input, 76 3-12.2 inverting Amplifier-AC Input, 77 3-12.3 Inverting Adder, 78 3-/2.4 Noninverting Adder, 79 Problems 80 4 COMPARATORS AND CONTROLS 84 Learning Objectives 84 4-0 Introduction 85 4-1 Effect of Noise on Comparator Circuits 85 Contents xiii 7 OP AMPS WITH DIODES 187 Learning Objectives 187 7-0 Introduction to Precision Rectifiers 188 7-1 Linear Half-Wave Rectifiers 189 7-1.1 Introduction, 189 7-1.2 Inverting Linear Half-Wave Rectifier, Positive Output, 190 7-1.3 Inverting Linear Half-Wave Rectifier, Negative Output, 192 7-1.4 Signal Polarity Separator, 193 7-2 Precision Rectifiers: The Absolute-Value Circuit 194 7-2.1 Introduction, 194 7-2.2 Types of Precision Full-Wave Rectifiers, 195 7-3 Peak Detectors 198 7-3.1 Positive Peak Follower and Hold, 198 7-3.2 Negative Peak Follower and Hold, 200 7-4 AC-to-DC Converter 200 7-4.1 AC-to-DC Conversion or MAV Circuit, 200 7-4.2 Precision Rectifier with Grounded Summing Inputs, 202 7-4.3 AC-to-DC Converter, 203 7-5 Dead-Zone Circuits 203 7-5.1 Introduction, 203 7-5.2 Dead-Zone Circuit with Negative Output, 203 7-5.3 Dead-Zone Circuit with Positive Output, 205 7-5.4 Bipolar-Output Dead-Zone Circuit, 208 7-6 Precision Clipper 208 7-7 Triangular-to-Sine Wave Converter 208 7-8 PSpice Simulation of Op Amps with Diodes 209 7-8.1 Linear Half-Wave Rectifier, 209 7-8.2 Precision Full-Wave Rectifier, 211 7-8.3 Mean-Absolute-Value Amplifier, 213 Problems 215 8 DIFFERENTIAL, INSTRUMENTATION, AND BRIDGE AMPLIFIERS 216 Learning Objectives 216